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Sophia in Gnostic Myth and Later Christian Sophiology

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Sophia in Gnostic Myth and Later Christian Sophiology

Gnostic mythology, most fully in the Apocryphon of John and the lengthy Pistis Sophia, tells a very different kind of story: Sophia is one of the aeons making up the divine fullness, the pleroma, and her desire to know the unknowable source without a partner produces a flawed offspring, the craftsman god Yaldabaoth, whose ignorant self regard leads him to fashion the flawed material world, with Sophia's own error understood as the ultimate cause of the cosmos's imperfection.

Orthodox Christianity took a different path entirely, using Holy Wisdom, Hagia Sophia, as a title for Christ rather than as a separate divine being or a saint, which is why the great church built at Constantinople under Justinian carries that name; the building honours the Wisdom of God identified with Christ, not a woman named Sophia.

Russian religious philosophy pushed the figure further still: Vladimir Solovyov and later Sergei Bulgakov developed an extensive sophiology treating Sophia as a real mediating principle between God and creation, a position formally condemned by decree of the Moscow Patriarchate in 1935 and criticized separately by the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia, a controversy that shows the question of what exactly Sophia is remains genuinely unsettled within Christianity itself.

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