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Vishishtadvaita Vedanta

Also Known As Vishishtadvaita · Qualified Nondualism, the school's own already-live entity description's opening gloss on Ramanuja's doctrine.
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Origin 1017 to 1137

Qualified nondualism: the doctrine, given its full form by Ramanuja, that reality is one but internally differentiated, and that the one reality is a personal God. Souls and matter are neither illusory nor separate substances standing outside God; they are real, they are eternally distinct from one another, and they stand to Brahman as a body stands to the self that indwells and directs it. God is the inner controller of everything that exists, and the world is his real body rather than an appearance thrown up by ignorance. Ramanuja rejected the Advaita account of maya directly and at length: if the world were unreal, he argued, the scriptures that describe it would be worthless and liberation itself would have nothing to happen to. The liberated soul comes to share in God's knowledge and bliss but never becomes God and never loses its own identity. The means is bhakti, and for those who cannot sustain it, prapatti, unconditional surrender to a God whose defining quality is accessibility.

Facts
Origins
Origin Period
1017 to 1137 1
Origin Period
Traditionally the eleventh to twelfth century CE, the lifetime of its founder Ramanuja (1017 to 1137). 2
Place of Origin
Srirangam, in the Tamil country 1
Founder
Ramanuja, traditionally 1017-1137. 1
Origin of the Name
Sanskrit vishishta (qualified) plus advaita (non-duality): non-dualism qualified by real internal distinctions, as against Advaita's unqualified non-dualism. 2
Practice
Liturgical Language
Sanskrit 1
Liturgical Language
The vernacular 1
Attributions
Tradition
Hinduism 1
Belief
Defining Doctrinal Position
Vishishtadvaita: non-duality qualified by real distinctions 1Tradition: Hinduism
Defining Doctrinal Position
Vishnu as the supreme reality 1Tradition: Hinduism
Doctrinal Position Detail
Souls and matter are real and eternally distinct from Brahman and from one another, yet form Brahman's own body, related to God as a body is to the self that indwells and directs it. Liberation is fellowship with God through devotion or, for those unable to sustain it, unconditional surrender, never identity with God. 2
Position Profile
Key Text
Ramanuja's Sri Bhashya, his commentary on the Brahma Sutras, already named elsewhere on this page as the work written against Advaita Vedanta. 2
History
Separation or Divergence
Advaita Vedanta, against which Ramanuja's Sribhasya was written 1
Separation or Divergence
The difference is doctrinal and each school kept its own mathas and lines of teachers 1
Date of Separation
1017 to 1137 1
Organisation
Governance
Authority in monastic seats (mathas) and their heads 1
The jiyars of Srirangam, Ahobilam and other Shrivaishnava centres, and the acharya families of the Vadakalai and Tenkalai sub-traditions.
Ordination
Restricted to men 1
Ordination
Office passes by descent 1
Status
Status Today
Living tradition, practised today 1
Learn More
Ramanuja and Qualified Non-Dualism

Vishishtadvaita is a school of Hindu philosophy whose name means "non-dualism of the qualified (whole)," systematised by the great theologian Ramanuja (traditionally 1017-1137) in southern India. It occupies a middle ground between the strict non-dualism of Shankara's Advaita and the outright dualism of Madhva's Dvaita. Ramanuja agreed with Advaita that reality is ultimately one, there is a single supreme Brahman, identified with Vishnu-Narayana, but he denied that the world and individual souls are illusory or that their distinctions vanish in liberation. Instead he taught that Brahman is a qualified unity: the individual souls (chit) and the material world (achit) are real and are related to God as the body is to the soul that indwells and rules it.

God is thus the inner self of all things, and all things are his modes or attributes; the one reality is genuinely differentiated, not a featureless absolute. Against Advaita, Ramanuja argued that Brahman is a personal God full of auspicious qualities, that knowledge is always of something, and that the everyday world of distinctions is not error but the real self-expression of God.

Devotion, the Sri Tradition and Reach

Because souls are real and eternally distinct from, yet utterly dependent on, God, Vishishtadvaita makes loving devotion (bhakti) and self-surrender (prapatti) to Vishnu the path to liberation, which it understands not as absorption but as eternal, blissful communion with and service of the Lord in his heaven. Ramanuja gave philosophical form to the ecstatic devotion of the Tamil Alvar poet-saints, whose hymns the tradition reveres alongside the Sanskrit scriptures, and he became the pre-eminent teacher of Sri Vaishnavism, the devotional community centred on Vishnu and his consort Sri (Lakshmi), who is understood as the compassionate mediator between God and the soul.

As head of the temple at Srirangam he also worked to open devotional religion more widely across caste lines. The tradition he shaped remains a major living form of South Indian Vaishnavism, later dividing into the Vadakalai and Tenkalai sub-schools, and it deeply influenced the wider history of Hindu bhakti. Scholars rank Vishishtadvaita, with Advaita and Dvaita, as one of the three classical schools of Vedanta, and as the most influential philosophical foundation for theistic, devotional Hinduism.

Cross-Tradition Connections

Associated With

Vishishtadvaita Vedanta is the philosophical form Ramanuja gave this tradition.

Source Encyclopedia of HinduismDenise Cush, Catherine Robinson and Michael York (eds.)

Belongs to Tradition

Hinduism, Religions

Branch Of

Hinduism, Religions
Vedanta, Doctrines

Vishishtadvaita reads them as distinct but inseparable, the world and the selves forming the body of brahman.

Contrasts With

Held Differently

Maya, Doctrines

Ramanuja's Sri Bhashya rejects Shankara's Maya doctrine, holding the world to be Brahman's real body, not illusory appearance.

Tat Tvam Asi, Mantras

Ramanuja reads the sentence as identifying God as the self of everything rather than as denying that anything else is real, so the same words carry a qualified non-duality and not a bare one.

Vedanta, Doctrines

Vishishtadvaita reads Vedanta as qualified nondualism, the world and souls real modes of Brahman rather than illusory as in Advaita, a different account of the same core relation.

Holds Element

The acharya of the Sri Vaishnava tradition teaches, initiates and stands as the disciple advocate before God, an office of greater weight than teaching alone.

The eight-syllable mantra, and the school's account of it is that the soul it names is real and remains distinct.

Objects and Practices of This Tradition

Source Encyclopedia of HinduismDenise Cush, Catherine Robinson and Michael York (eds.)

Ramanuja's Sri Bhashya, the foundational commentary establishing Vishishtadvaita's qualified non-dual reading of this shared Vedanta text.

The Divya Prabandham, Tamil Alvar hymns Ramanuja treated as scripture equal to the Sanskrit Vedanta, grounds Vishishtadvaita's ubhaya vedanta method.

Ramanuja's Sri Vaishnavism, philosophically systematized as Vishishtadvaita, is where the debate over grace and self-effort was first fully worked out.

Paramatman, Doctrines

Paramatman, the supreme personal Brahman with real attributes, is Vishishtadvaita Vedanta's God, genuinely related to, not separate from, the world.

Vishishtadvaita, Ramanuja's qualified non-dualism, is this school's defining, denomination-naming doctrine.

Critiqued Here

Neti Neti, Doctrines

Vishishtadvaita argues that negation cannot be the last word about Brahman. The formula excludes what Brahman is not; read as excluding all qualities it would leave nothing that scripture could be describing when it calls Brahman the ocean of auspicious qualities.

Originates in Language

Sanskrit, Languages
Source Encyclopedia of HinduismDenise Cush, Catherine Robinson and Michael York (eds.)

Position On

Ahimsa, Doctrines

Non-injury is held in Vishishtadvaita.

Source An Introduction to HinduismGavin Flood
Atman, Doctrines

The self is held in Vishishtadvaita to be real, eternal, atomic and plural: each soul is a distinct centre of consciousness and remains one after liberation.

Avidya, Doctrines

Ignorance is held in Vishishtadvaita as real ignorance produced by karma, not as a cosmic power that makes the world unreal.

Bhakti, Doctrines

Devotion is the means of liberation in Vishishtadvaita, and the later tradition adds surrender as a means available to those who cannot sustain the discipline of devotion.

Brahman, Doctrines

Brahman is held in Vishishtadvaita to be one and qualified rather than undifferentiated: souls and matter are its real and eternal attributes, related to it as a body is related to the self that has it.

Dana, Doctrines

Giving is held in Vishishtadvaita.

Source An Introduction to HinduismGavin Flood
Dharma, Doctrines

Dharma is held in Vishishtadvaita, and the school keeps ritual obligation binding on the qualified rather than superseding it.

The teaching lineage is central in Vishishtadvaita, and the succession of teachers from Nathamuni through Ramanuja is what the school's authority is carried by.

A chosen deity is held in Vishishtadvaita, and the choice is not open: Vishnu with Sri is the supreme reality and not one face among interchangeable others.

Jnana Yoga, Doctrines

Knowledge is held in Vishishtadvaita and is not the means of liberation. Ramanuja treats the knowledge the Upanishads enjoin as a sustained loving recollection, which is devotion, so the path of knowledge is absorbed into devotion rather than standing beside it.

Karma, Doctrines

Karma is held in Vishishtadvaita as really binding the really existing soul, which is why release requires God's act and not only the soul's insight.

Lila, Doctrines

The world as God's play is held in Vishishtadvaita, and the play is with a real world rather than an apparent one.

Mahapurusha, Doctrines

The supreme person is held in Vishishtadvaita, and the identification of Brahman with a personal God possessed of infinite auspicious qualities is the school's central affirmation.

Moksha, Doctrines

Moksha as eternal communion with a personal God in which the self remains distinct while wholly dependent.

Merit and demerit are held in Vishishtadvaita as really incurred and really requiring remission.

Pralaya, Doctrines

Periodic dissolution is held in Vishishtadvaita as a real contraction of the world into a subtle state within God, not as an end of its reality.

Samadhi, Doctrines

Collected absorption is held in Vishishtadvaita as a form of sustained loving recollection rather than as the dissolution of distinction.

Samsara, Doctrines

Transmigration is held in Vishishtadvaita as fully real, since the world and the soul are real.

Samskara, Doctrines

Latent impressions are held in Vishishtadvaita.

Source An Introduction to HinduismGavin Flood

Being, consciousness and bliss are held in Vishishtadvaita as real qualities of a Brahman that has qualities, not as a definition of a Brahman that has none.

The great sayings are held in Vishishtadvaita and are read as coordinate predication rather than as identity: two terms with different senses are applied to one subject, which is the grammar on which the whole school turns.

The three strands are held in Vishishtadvaita as the constitution of a really existing matter.

Source An Introduction to HinduismGavin Flood

Related To

Sources
1. Encyclopedia of Hinduism
Denise Cush, Catherine Robinson and Michael York (eds.), Routledge, 2008s.v. Ramanuja; VishishtadvaitaView the Source
2. The Theology of Ramanuja: An Essay in Interreligious Understanding
John B. Carman, Yale University Press, 1974On the body-self relation and the accessibility of GodView the Source
Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Volume III: Advaita Vedanta up to Samkara and His Pupils
Karl H. Potter (ed.), Motilal Banarsidass, 1981View the Source
An Introduction to Hinduism
Gavin Flood, Cambridge University Press, 1996Vishishtadvaita and Sri VaishnavismView the Source
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