Divinity Atlas

Sacred Correspondences
Scripture Portions

Chapter 15

Also Known As Laozi 15 (English) · Daodejing 15 (English)
Tao Te Ching

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The able practitioners of old were subtle, mysterious and too deep to be known, so one can only describe how they seemed: cautious as someone crossing a river in winter, wary as a man surrounded by neighbours, formal as a guest, yielding as ice about to melt, plain as an uncut block, wide as a valley, murky as silt water. Who can be muddy and let stillness clear it? Who can be at rest and let movement slowly bring it to life? One who holds to this does not want to be full.

Facts
Disputed
Position in the Canon
Chapter 15 of 81, in the Dao part of the received text 1
Robert G. Henricks's translation (Lao Tzu: Te-Tao Ching, A New Translation Based on the Recently Discovered Ma-wang-tui Texts, Ballantine Books, 1989) compared the received chapter numbering against two excavated manuscript witnesses: the Mawangdui silk texts, recovered from a Han-dynasty tomb near Changsha and dated to the second century BCE, and the Guodian bamboo slips, excavated near Jingmen and dated to around 300 BCE. The comparison found the Mawangdui texts place the De material before the Dao material, reversing the received order, and that the Guodian slips hold only about a third of the received material with no division into the received chapters at all. Because the received numbering appears in neither older witness, Henricks's philological comparison concludes it is a later editorial convenience rather than a feature of how the text was composed, which is why the atlas treats the chapter number as a reliable citation address and not as a claim about original structure.
Origins
Language
Classical Chinese 3
Classical Chinese of the Warring States period, in a terse rhymed and parallel style that leaves grammatical subjects, number and tense unmarked, which is a principal reason the translations differ so widely
Identity
Parent Work
Dao Jing 1
Meaning
Theme
A portrait of the adept given entirely in similes, because the thing itself is not describable 2
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A Portrait Made Only of Similes

Chapter fifteen sets out to describe the able practitioners of antiquity and announces at the start that it cannot: they were subtle, mysterious and too deep to be known, so all that can be done is to describe how they seemed.

What follows is seven or eight similes and no statements. Cautious, as somebody crossing a river in winter. Wary, like a man with neighbours on all sides. Formal, like a guest. Yielding, like ice about to melt. Plain, like an uncut block. Wide open, like a valley. Murky, like silt water.

Two of these are the book's standing figures, the uncut block and the valley, and they appear here inside a list of ordinary human postures. The others are all social or physical: a man testing ice, a guest observing form, someone conscious of being overlooked. The portrait that emerges is of a person who is careful, unassertive and slightly withheld, and who does not look impressive.

That is consistent with everything else the book says about the sage, and it is worth noting how thoroughly it excludes the alternative. There is no serenity here, no radiance, no visible attainment, and nothing anybody would identify across a room. Chapter twenty makes the same point in the first person, and chapter seventy says the sage wears coarse cloth with jade inside it.

Muddy Water Left to Settle

The two questions at the centre of chapter fifteen are the practical heart of it. Who can be muddy and let stillness slowly bring it to clarity? Who can be at rest and let movement slowly bring it to life?

The first image is exact and worth taking literally. Silt water clears if it is left alone, and it does not clear if it is stirred, filtered in haste or worked at. The clearing is not something anyone does; it is what happens when nothing is done. That is as compact a statement of the book's central practical claim as it contains anywhere, and unlike most of the paradoxes it describes a process anyone can observe in a bucket.

The second question reverses the terms and is less often quoted. Stillness produces clarity, and then something has to come out of the clarity, which the chapter describes as being slowly brought to life. Non-action is not a terminus.

The chapter closes on a line that connects both to the rest of the book: one who holds to this does not want to be full, and because he is not full he can be worn out and renewed rather than replaced. The refusal of fullness is chapter nine's argument about the brimming vessel, and the preference for what can be worn and renewed over what is complete runs through to chapter twenty-two, where being worn out is listed among the advantages.

Cross-Tradition Connections

Contained In

The grouping into two parts is that of the received text. The Mawangdui manuscripts reverse the order of the two.

Source Tao Te ChingLaozi (attributed)
Source Tao Te ChingLaozi (attributed)

Originates in Language

Source Sources of Chinese Tradition, Volume 1Wm. Theodore de Bary and Irene Bloom (eds)
Sources
1. Lao Tzu: Te-Tao Ching, A New Translation Based on the Recently Discovered Ma-wang-tui Texts
Robert G. Henricks, Ballantine Books, 1989View the Source
2. Readings in Classical Chinese Philosophy
P. J. Ivanhoe and Bryan W. Van Norden (eds), Hackett, 2005View the Source
3. Sources of Chinese Tradition, Volume 1
Wm. Theodore de Bary and Irene Bloom (eds), Columbia University Press, 1999View the Source
Tao Te Ching
Laozi (attributed)View the Source
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View At A Past Year

The atlas records no dated fact of its own for this entry, so there is no other year to choose.