Wikipedia's article on excommunication, consulted 2026-08-13.
Facts
Assessment
Reliability Tier3
Reliability tier 3: a continuously community-edited tertiary reference with no formal peer review process, suitable for citable, checkable factual claims but not treated as authoritative on genuinely contested points. NotesWikipedia's article on excommunication, consulted 2026-08-13. Useful here for Pope Leo X's 1521 bull against Martin Luther, the latae sententiae and ferendae sententiae distinction in Catholic canon law, John Calvin's medicinal framing of church censure, and the historian Christopher Hill's finding that excommunication in pre-Reformation and early modern England could often be avoided by paying a fine.
Citation
AuthorWikipedia contributors
PublisherWikipedia
Publication Year2026
URLhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excommunication
Source Typereference
Claims Backed By This Source (118 claims)
This source backs 118 claims across the atlas. As facts: 114 well-attested. Plus 4 entities citing it as a general reference with no single fact or relationship attached.
Disposition By Topic
- Doctrines, 110 claims: 106 well-attested, 4 general references.
- Sources, 8 claims: 8 well-attested.
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