Wikipedia's article on herem, the formal Jewish practice of communal censure and exclusion, consulted 2026-08-13.
Facts
Assessment
Reliability Tier3
Reliability tier 3: a continuously community-edited tertiary reference with no formal peer review process, suitable for citable, checkable factual claims but not treated as authoritative on genuinely contested points. NotesWikipedia's article on herem as a formal censure, consulted 2026-08-13. Useful here for the biblical origin of the term, the three graduated levels of rabbinic censure, the Vilna Gaon's herems against Hasidism, the 1918 Odessa herem against Trotsky and Zinoviev, and Mordecai Kaplan's 1945 herem.
Citation
AuthorWikipedia contributors
PublisherWikipedia
Publication Year2026
URLhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herem_(censure)
Source Typereference
Claims Backed By This Source (16 claims)
This source backs 16 claims across the atlas. As facts: 12 well-attested. Plus 4 entities citing it as a general reference with no single fact or relationship attached.
Disposition By Topic
- Doctrines, 8 claims: 4 well-attested, 4 general references.
- Sources, 8 claims: 8 well-attested.
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