Divinity Atlas

Sacred Correspondences
Alphabet Letters

Semkath ܣ

Syriac Letters

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Origin The script is attested from the early centuries CE, in the Aramaic of Edessa

Semkath is the fifteenth letter, with the numeral value sixty. It writes s, a voiceless alveolar sibilant, and it is kept distinct from the emphatic sadhe and from shin throughout the classical language. It joins on both sides. A separate final semkath is recorded as its own sign, a positional variant of the same letter rather than an addition to the alphabet. Its name is the inherited word for a prop or a support, which is also the sense behind Hebrew samekh at the same fifteenth place in the sequence. Semkath, sadhe and shin are the three sibilants the classical alphabet keeps apart, at the fifteenth, eighteenth and twenty-first places, and all three distinctions were live in the language when the sequence was fixed.

Facts
Origins
Origin Period
The script is attested from the early centuries CE, in the Aramaic of Edessa 1Tradition: The Syriac script
Place of Origin
Edessa, in Osrhoene, from the local cursive form of the Aramaic script 1Tradition: The Syriac script
Origin of the Name
The letter names continue Northwest Semitic nouns inherited from the older linear alphabet, and are not ordinary Syriac words 1Tradition: The Syriac script
Origin of the Name
The pictographic senses behind the names describe signs of the older linear alphabet, not the Syriac shapes 1Tradition: The Syriac script
Sense of the Name
prop or support, by inheritance from the Northwest Semitic name 1Tradition: The Syriac script
Identity
Script Type
An abjad: the twenty-two letters record consonants, and vowels are supplied either by points or by small Greek letters written above and below the line 1Tradition: The Syriac script
Position
Fifteenth of the twenty-two letters, with the numeral value 60 1Tradition: The Syriac script
How the Letter Joins
Joins on both sides, taking initial, medial, final and isolated shapes 2Tradition: The Syriac script
Transmission
Manuscript Tradition
Three hands write the same twenty-two letters: Estrangela, the oldest book hand, Serto in the west, and Madnhaya in the east 1Tradition: The Syriac script
Attributions
Associated Sound
Voiceless alveolar sibilant s, kept distinct from sadhe and shin 1Tradition: The Syriac script
Practice
Liturgical and Scriptural Role
The script is in current liturgical use in the Syriac Orthodox, Syriac Catholic, Maronite, Assyrian Church of the East and Chaldean Catholic churches 3Tradition: Syriac Christianity
Attestation
Meaning in the Attesting Source
The letters carry numeral values, and a mark written below a letter can multiply its value for figures larger than the letters themselves supply 2Tradition: Syriac numerals
Learn More
Semkath: The Syriac Letter

Semkath is the fifteenth letter of the Syriac abjad, with the numeral value sixty. It writes s, a voiceless alveolar sibilant, and it joins on both sides.

A separate final semkath is recorded as a sign of its own in the modern character standard. It is a positional variant of the same letter rather than an addition to the alphabet, which stays at twenty-two letters, and it is encoded separately because editions of manuscripts need to be able to show it.

Its name is the inherited word for a prop or a support, the sense that also stands behind Hebrew samekh at the same fifteenth place in the sequence.

Semkath is one of three sibilants the classical alphabet keeps apart. Sadhe, the eighteenth letter, writes the emphatic s, and shin, the twenty-first, writes the sh of English ship. All three distinctions were live in the language when the sequence was fixed, and classical Syriac maintains them in spelling throughout. A Syriac word is spelled with one of the three and not with another, and the choice is not free: it belongs to the root.

The three letters also fall at three widely separated places in the alphabet, at fifteen, eighteen and twenty-one, with numeral values sixty, ninety and three hundred, so nothing about the sequence groups them together.

Semkath and the Three Sibilants

The Semitic languages characteristically keep several s sounds apart and treat them as different consonants, and the twenty-two letter alphabet reflects that with three separate signs: semkath, sadhe and shin. Getting them straight is one of the standing difficulties of comparative work in this family, because the correspondences between languages are not simple.

Within Syriac the position is clear enough. The three letters are distinct in spelling, distinct in the classical reading, and they belong to different roots. A reader has to know which letter a word takes, in the way an English reader has to know which of several spellings a word takes, and the alphabet gives no help.

Across languages the position is harder. When Syriac letters are set beside their Arabic counterparts by place in the abjad order, semkath at sixty answers to the Arabic letter at sixty and shin at three hundred to the Arabic letter at three hundred, and the match of place does not track the match of sound: the historical development of the sibilants in Arabic and in Aramaic did not run in parallel. The atlas records those pairings on the order alone and says so, rather than implying a phonetic identity that is not there.

Where a modern language written in Syriac letters needs sibilants the classical alphabet has no sign for, as Turoyo does, they are marked with added dots rather than given new letters.

Cross-Tradition Connections

Related To

Mandaic As and Syriac Semkath hold the same place in the twenty-two letter Aramaic sequence both alphabets inherited. The shapes are unrelated to look at, so it is the order that carries the descent. Where the Mandaic shapes came from is disputed, a cursive Aramaic hand or the Parthian chancery script.

Source The World's Writing SystemsPeter T. Daniels and William Bright (eds.)

Syriac Semkath and Hebrew Samekh stand at the same place in the twenty-two letter Aramaic sequence and carry the same letter-numeral value, 60. The Syriac script grew out of the local Aramaic cursive of Edessa and the Hebrew square script out of the same Aramaic alphabet, so the two letters are inherited from one ancestor rather than borrowed from each other.

Source The World's Writing SystemsPeter T. Daniels and William Bright (eds.)

Why this is disputed. Sat and the Syriac semkath cover the plain s of the family. As with the parallel Hebrew samekh comparison, both descend from a common Proto Sinaitic ancestor, but specialists differ on whether the Ge'ez and Syriac forms represent an unbroken line of descent or separate later borrowings that converged on the same function.

Source The World's Writing SystemsPeter T. Daniels and William Bright (eds.)

Syriac Semkath and Arabic Sin answer to one another in the abjad order, the twenty-two letter Aramaic sequence Arabic keeps for its letter numerals, and both carry the value 60. A shared ancestor and not a borrowing, since Arabic reached the sequence through Nabataean. Among the sibilants, and this pair is one of them, the match of place does not track the match of sound.

Source The World's Writing SystemsPeter T. Daniels and William Bright (eds.)
Sources
1. The World's Writing Systems
Peter T. Daniels and William Bright (eds.), Oxford University Press, 1996View the Source
2. The Unicode Standard
The Unicode Consortium, The Unicode ConsortiumView the Source
3. The Church of the East: An Illustrated History of Assyrian Christianity
Christoph Baumer, I. B. Tauris, London, 2006
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