Jeremiah, writing of exile, hears a voice in Ramah, lamentation and bitter weeping: Rachel weeping for her children and refusing comfort because they are not. The next verses answer her directly, telling her to keep her voice from weeping because the children shall come again to their own border. She is chosen for the passage because she is the mother of the northern tribes through Joseph, and the north was the part that had been carried away.
The Gospel of Matthew quotes the lament, without the answer, of the children killed at Bethlehem.
The tomb itself sits on two different roads in the Hebrew Bible. Genesis places it on the way to Ephrath, and adds the gloss that Ephrath is Bethlehem, south of Jerusalem. The first book of Samuel places it in the territory of Benjamin, well to the north of the city, which is also the direction Jeremiah's Ramah lies in. The two locations cannot both be right and the discrepancy has been discussed since antiquity, with the Genesis gloss often treated as a later identification.
The Bethlehem identification is the one that carried. A domed structure stood over the site from at least the medieval period, and was rebuilt in 1841 with funding from Moses Montefiore. Women have gone there to pray, particularly for children, for many centuries, and a pilgrimage is kept on the eleventh of the month of Cheshvan. The site now stands within a fortified enclosure on the boundary between Jerusalem and Bethlehem, and access to it is a matter of continuing political dispute.