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Vaisakhi

Sikh Festivals

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A spring festival of great importance to Sikhs, coinciding with the northern Indian harvest and the solar new year, kept on April 13 or 14. Above all it marks the founding of the Khalsa, the community of initiated Sikhs, by Guru Gobind Singh in 1699, when he called for the devoted, initiated the first five, and gave the faith its distinctive form and identity. Sikhs celebrate with visits to the gurdwara, continuous reading of the scripture, hymns, processions (nagar kirtan) led by the flag and by the initiated, martial arts displays, and shared community meals. Vaisakhi renews Sikh identity and commitment, and is also kept as a harvest and new-year festival across the region.

Facts
Reckoning
Calendar System
Nanakshahi (Sikh tropical solar, 2003) 2
Date Rule
1 Vaisakh: 14 April in the Nanakshahi calendar 2
Date Rule
13 or 14 April by the older Bikrami solar reckoning 2
Fixed or Movable
Fixed date in its own calendar 2
Observance
Observance Type
Commemoration of a person or event 1
Observance Type
Harvest / agricultural 2
Observance Type
Rite of passage 3
Origins
Era of Composition
1699 1
Era of Composition
The spring solar festival itself is older 1
Learn More
A Harvest Festival That Acquired a Founding

Vaisakhi is kept on 13 or 14 April and is two things at once, and the older of the two is agricultural.

It is the spring harvest festival of the Punjab, marking the ripening of the rabi crop, and it is the new year in several regional solar calendars across South Asia, the same solar moment is Puthandu in Tamil Nadu, Bohag Bihu in Assam, Pohela Boishakh in Bengal and Vishu in Kerala. The date is set by the sun's entry into the sidereal sign of Aries, which is a solar reckoning, not a lunar one, and this is why Vaisakhi has a nearly fixed Gregorian date while most South Asian festivals do not.

Its Sikh significance is dated and specific. On Vaisakhi in 1699, at Anandpur, Guru Gobind Singh is recorded as founding the Khalsa: calling for volunteers willing to give their heads, initiating five who came forward, then receiving initiation from them in turn, and instituting the five articles of faith and the shared names Singh and Kaur. It is the constitutive event of Sikh identity as it now exists.

The choice of an existing festival day was practical, a large gathering was already assembled, and this is the ordinary way religious calendars are built. It is not an absorption of a pagan observance, and the tradition has never presented it as anything other than what it was.

The date is also the anniversary of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre of 13 April 1919, when troops fired on a crowd gathered in Amritsar at the festival.

The Calendar Argument That Split the Community

Since 1999 Vaisakhi has had a nearly fixed Gregorian date, and the change that produced it caused one of the sharpest internal disputes in modern Sikhism.

Sikh festivals were historically calculated by the Bikrami calendar, a lunisolar system shared with much of north India. Under it, the anniversaries of the Gurus moved considerably against the Gregorian calendar, and some fell twice in a year or not at all.

The Nanakshahi calendar, devised by Pal Singh Purewal and adopted by the Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee in 1999 for the tercentenary of the Khalsa, replaced this with a solar calendar of fixed month lengths, its year one set at 1469, Nanak's birth. Under it Vaisakhi is 14 April every year and most Guru anniversaries have fixed dates.

The objection was that this severed Sikh timekeeping from the calendar the Gurus themselves used and that is embedded in the scripture's own references, and that it was a modernising imposition. Traditionalist bodies rejected it. In 2003 amendments were made, and in 2010 the SGPC adopted a further revision that returned several major dates to Bikrami calculation, including, notably, Guru Nanak's own anniversary, which remains lunar and moves.

The result is that different Sikh institutions and different countries print different calendars, and the dispute is unresolved. Purewal continued to argue for the original version until his death.

It is an unusually clear example of a religious community deciding, in public and recently, how its time is to be counted.

Cross-Tradition Connections

Associated With

Guru Gobind Singh founded the Khalsa here at the Vaisakhi gathering of 1699.

Source The Encyclopaedia of SikhismHarbans Singh (editor-in-chief)

The Nishan Sahib's cloth is replaced each year at Vaisakhi in the Nishan Sahib Seva ceremony.

Source The Encyclopaedia of SikhismHarbans Singh (editor-in-chief)

Vaisakhi commemorates the founding of the Khalsa at Anandpur.

Belongs to Tradition

Khalsa, Denominations

For the Khalsa this is its own founding day, when Guru Gobind Singh initiated the first five in 1699; it is the customary occasion for taking amrit initiation, and processions are led by the flag and by five initiated Sikhs.

Found In

Observed In

Vaisakhi falls on 13 or 14 April, the Punjabi solar new year and the anniversary of the founding of the Khalsa in 1699.

Source The Oxford Companion to the Year: An Exploration of Calendar Customs and Time-ReckoningBonnie Blackburn and Leofranc Holford-Strevens

Timing Rules

Source Historical Dictionary of Sikhism, 3rd editionLouis E. Fenech and W. H. McLeod
Sources
1. J.S. Grewal, The Sikhs of the Punjab (New Cambridge History of India II.3)
J. S. Grewal, Cambridge University Press, 1998ch. 4View the Source
2. Historical Dictionary of Sikhism, 3rd edition
Louis E. Fenech and W. H. McLeod, Rowman and Littlefield, 2014s.v. BaisakhiView the Source
3. Sikhism
W. H. McLeod, Penguin Books, 1997ch. 3; amrit initiationView the Source
The Sikh Religion: Its Gurus, Sacred Writings and Authors, vol. 1
Max Arthur Macauliffe, Clarendon Press / Internet Sacred Text Archive, 1909The founding of the Khalsa in 1699
Quote, The founding of the Khalsa in 1699
Guru Gobind Singh's initiation of the five at Anandpur on an existing festival day at which a large gathering was already assembled.
View the Source
The Nanakshahi calendar
Pal Singh Purewal, Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak CommitteeThe 1999 reform and the 2010 reversal
Quote, The 1999 reform and the 2010 reversal
Fixed Gregorian dates for most Guru anniversaries were adopted in 1999 and substantially reversed toward Bikrami calculation in 2010; the dispute is unresolved.
the holders' own account
The Encyclopaedia of Sikhism
Harbans Singh (editor-in-chief), Punjabi University, Patiala, 1998View the Source
The Oxford Companion to the Year: An Exploration of Calendar Customs and Time-Reckoning
Bonnie Blackburn and Leofranc Holford-Strevens, Oxford University Press, 1999View the Source
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