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Sacred Correspondences
Rituals

Confirmation

Initiatory Rituals

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Origin 200 to 1200 CE

The rite that completes Christian initiation, conferring or sealing the gift of the Holy Spirit through the laying-on of hands and anointing with chrism. In the Catholic and Orthodox churches it is a sacrament; in Orthodoxy (where it is called chrismation) it is given with baptism, even to infants, while the Catholic West usually defers it to an age of discretion and reserves it, ordinarily, to the bishop. Many Protestant churches keep a confirmation as a mature profession of the vows made at infant baptism rather than as a sacrament.

Facts
Practice
Who Performs It
Clergy or ordained officiants 1
Sourced to the subject's own accountClergy: the bishop is the ordinary minister in the West
Obligation
Obligatory 1Tradition: Roman Catholicism
Sourced to the subject's own accountObligatory: the baptised are bound to receive it in due time
FrequencySourced to the subject's own account
Once, or at a turning point in a life 1
Solitary or CommunalSourced to the subject's own account
Performed by an officiant for a recipient 1
Liturgical and Scriptural RoleSourced to the subject's own account
In Catholic practice, administered ordinarily by a bishop and counted, alongside baptism and the eucharist, among the sacraments of Christian initiation. 1
Origins
Origin PeriodSourced to the subject's own account
200 to 1200 CE 1
Place of OriginSourced to the subject's own account
The Roman Empire, in the early Church 1
Historical Origin
The rite developed out of the single, undivided baptismal ceremony of the early church, separating over time into its own distinct sacrament as the practice of infant baptism became widespread and the bishop's own anointing came to be performed later. 2
Form
Implements and MaterialsSourced to the subject's own account
Chrism, the perfumed oil consecrated by the bishop 1
Meaning
Literal MeaningSourced to the subject's own account
The Catechism of the Catholic Church describes the rite as confirming and strengthening the grace received at baptism, the anointing with chrism understood as sealing the recipient more fully with the Holy Spirit rather than repeating baptism itself. 1
Attributions
Purpose
Confirmation completes Christian initiation begun in baptism, traditionally understood as conferring the gift of the Holy Spirit, though its age and manner of administration differ between Roman Catholic, Orthodox and Protestant practice. 2
Function
Stage of Life MarkedSourced to the subject's own account
Entry into the community or the order 1
Learn More
Sealing the Spirit

Confirmation is the rite that completes Christian initiation, understood to confer or seal the gift of the Holy Spirit on one already baptised, ordinarily through the laying on of hands and anointing with consecrated oil (chrism). Its history reflects a gradual separation from baptism: in the early church the bishop's hand-laying and anointing followed immediately upon the water, but as infant baptism became universal and dioceses grew, the bishop's part came in the West to be deferred, and confirmation emerged as a distinct rite administered later, often at an age of understanding.

The traditions weigh it differently, the Catholic Church counts it among the seven sacraments, conferred by a bishop or delegated priest; the Eastern churches anoint with chrism at baptism itself, so that initiation is not divided; many Protestant bodies retain confirmation as a mature profession of the faith into which one was baptised, without regarding it as a sacrament. Across these differences it marks the point at which the baptised takes up, or has sealed upon them, full membership in the Christian community.

Separated from Baptism by Simple Distance

Confirmation began as part of a single, unified rite of Christian initiation performed together with baptism, water, anointing, and first participation in the Eucharist administered in one continuous ceremony, a pattern Eastern Orthodox practice has preserved essentially intact to this day, where infants are baptized, chrismated, and given communion together in a single service rather than the three being spread across a childhood and adolescence.

The Western church's separation of confirmation into its own later, distinct sacrament is generally traced to a practical constraint rather than a deliberate theological decision to split the rite: the anointing that completed initiation was reserved to the bishop, and as Christianity spread across increasingly large territories a bishop could no longer be present at every baptism the way earlier, smaller, city centered congregations had allowed, so the anointing was delayed until a bishop could visit and confirm those already baptized, a scheduling gap that over centuries hardened into confirmation's current status as a separate sacrament administered at a distinctly later age from baptism itself. This is why Eastern and Western Christianity, despite agreeing that baptism, chrismation or confirmation, and the eucharist together complete Christian initiation, present that same theological structure through very different lived timelines, one keeping all three together in infancy and the other spreading them across a person's early life as a matter of historical accident rather than differing theology.

Cross-Tradition Connections

Belongs to Tradition

Kept in the African Methodist Episcopal Church, the first denomination in the United States founded by Black people. Confirmation is the profession of faith by which a baptised person is received into full membership, and it is not held to be a sacrament.

Kept in the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church. Confirmation is the profession of faith by which a baptised person is received into full membership, and it is not held to be a sacrament.

Kept across the provinces of the Anglican Communion. Confirmation is conferred by a bishop at an age of discretion, and the Prayer Book requires the candidate to renew the promises made at baptism in person.

Confirmation is conferred by a bishop at an age of discretion, and the Prayer Book requires the candidate to renew the promises made at baptism in person.

Source The Book of Common PrayerChurch of England; ed. Brian Cummings

Kept in the Armenian Apostolic Church. Chrismation is given with baptism in infancy, using myron consecrated by the patriarch, and is not a separate later rite.

Kept in the Christian Methodist Episcopal Church. Confirmation is the profession of faith by which a baptised person is received into full membership, and it is not held to be a sacrament.

Source The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 3rd revised editionF. L. Cross and E. A. Livingstone (eds.)

Kept in the Church of Cyprus, autocephalous since the Council of Ephesus in 431. Chrismation is given with baptism, in infancy, by a presbyter using chrism consecrated by a bishop. The rite completes initiation here rather than following it years later.

Kept in the Church of England, the province from which the Prayer Book tradition comes. Confirmation is conferred by a bishop at an age of discretion, and the Prayer Book requires the candidate to renew the promises made at baptism in person.

Kept in the Church of Greece. Chrismation is given with baptism, in infancy, by a presbyter using chrism consecrated by a bishop. The rite completes initiation here rather than following it years later.

Kept in the Church of Ireland. Confirmation is conferred by a bishop at an age of discretion, and the Prayer Book requires the candidate to renew the promises made at baptism in person.

Kept in the Church of Sweden, which retained the historic episcopate through the Reformation as few Lutheran churches did. Confirmation was kept as a rite of the church and denied the standing of a sacrament, since it has no command of Christ and no promise of grace attached to an outward sign.

Kept in the Church of the Nazarene, which stands in the Wesleyan holiness line. Confirmation is the profession of faith by which a baptised person is received into full membership, and it is not held to be a sacrament.

Kept in the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria. Chrismation is given with baptism in infancy, using myron consecrated by the patriarch, and is not a separate later rite.

Chrismation is given with baptism, in infancy, by a presbyter using chrism consecrated by a bishop. The rite completes initiation here rather than following it years later.

Source Service Book of the Holy Orthodox-Catholic Apostolic ChurchIsabel Florence Hapgood (compiler and translator)

Kept in the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, the see of first honour among the Orthodox churches. Chrismation is given with baptism, in infancy, by a presbyter using chrism consecrated by a bishop. The rite completes initiation here rather than following it years later.

Kept in the Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church. Chrismation is given with baptism in infancy, using myron consecrated by the patriarch, and is not a separate later rite.

Kept in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. Chrismation is given with baptism in infancy, using myron consecrated by the patriarch, and is not a separate later rite.

Kept in the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. Confirmation was kept as a rite of the church and denied the standing of a sacrament, since it has no command of Christ and no promise of grace attached to an outward sign.

Kept in the Free Methodist Church. Confirmation is the profession of faith by which a baptised person is received into full membership, and it is not held to be a sacrament.

Kept in the Georgian Orthodox Church, which has used its own language and script in worship since the fifth century. Chrismation is given with baptism, in infancy, by a presbyter using chrism consecrated by a bishop. The rite completes initiation here rather than following it years later.

Kept in the Global Methodist Church, formed in 2022. Confirmation is the profession of faith by which a baptised person is received into full membership, and it is not held to be a sacrament.

Kept in the Greek Orthodox churches. Chrismation is given with baptism, in infancy, by a presbyter using chrism consecrated by a bishop. The rite completes initiation here rather than following it years later.

Confirmation was kept as a rite of the church and denied the standing of a sacrament, since it has no command of Christ and no promise of grace attached to an outward sign.

Source The Augsburg ConfessionPhilipp Melanchthon

Chrismation is given with baptism by the priest, not deferred to a bishop and a later age.

Confirmation is the profession of faith by which a baptised person is received into full membership, and it is not held to be a sacrament.

Source The Book of Discipline of the United Methodist ChurchUnited Methodist Churchthe holders' own account

Confirmation admits a baptised person to communion.

Chrismation is given with baptism in infancy, using myron consecrated by the patriarch, and is not a separate later rite.

Confirmation is separated from baptism and is ordinarily conferred by a bishop at an age of discretion, which is the point on which the Western and Eastern practice divide.

Source Catechism of the Catholic Church, 2nd editionHoly Seethe holders' own account

Kept in the Romanian Orthodox Church, the one Orthodox church of the Byzantine tradition whose language is Romance. Chrismation is given with baptism, in infancy, by a presbyter using chrism consecrated by a bishop. The rite completes initiation here rather than following it years later.

Kept in the Russian Orthodox Church, in the Slavonic recension of the Byzantine books. Chrismation is given with baptism, in infancy, by a presbyter using chrism consecrated by a bishop. The rite completes initiation here rather than following it years later.

Kept in the Serbian Orthodox Church. Chrismation is given with baptism, in infancy, by a presbyter using chrism consecrated by a bishop. The rite completes initiation here rather than following it years later.

Kept in the Episcopal Church, whose own Prayer Book descends from the Scottish rather than the English line. Confirmation is conferred by a bishop at an age of discretion, and the Prayer Book requires the candidate to renew the promises made at baptism in person.

Kept in the United Methodist Church. Confirmation is the profession of faith by which a baptised person is received into full membership, and it is not held to be a sacrament.

Chrismation is given with baptism by the presbyter, using myron, as in the Orthodox churches and unlike Latin practice.

Kept in the Ukrainian Orthodox Church. Chrismation is given with baptism, in infancy, by a presbyter using chrism consecrated by a bishop. The rite completes initiation here rather than following it years later.

Kept in the Wesleyan Church. Confirmation is the profession of faith by which a baptised person is received into full membership, and it is not held to be a sacrament.

Conducted By

In the Latin church confirmation is the ordinary office of the bishop.

Source The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 3rd revised editionF. L. Cross and E. A. Livingstone (eds.)

Confirmation in the Church of England is administered by a bishop.

Source The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 3rd revised editionF. L. Cross and E. A. Livingstone (eds.)
Source The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 3rd revised editionF. L. Cross and E. A. Livingstone (eds.)

Critiqued By

Anabaptism, Denominations

There is no confirmation, since baptism is already the act of an adult will.

Baptist, Denominations

There is no confirmation, since the profession of faith precedes baptism rather than following it years after.

Source The Baptist Faith and MessageSouthern Baptist Convention

Kept in the National Baptist Convention of America International. There is no confirmation, since the profession of faith precedes baptism rather than following it years after.

Kept in the Progressive National Baptist Convention. There is no confirmation, since the profession of faith precedes baptism rather than following it years after.

There is no confirmation, since there is no initiating rite for it to complete.

Held Differently

Charismatic Movement, Religious Movements

The Catholic Charismatic Renewal reads confirmation as the sacramental place where the baptism in the Spirit it seeks was already given, so that what is sought is a release of what was conferred rather than a second sacrament.

Ritual Implements

Sources
1. Catechism of the Catholic Church, 2nd edition
Holy See, Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1997Catechism of the Catholic Church, on the sacraments of initiationthe holders' own accountView the Source
1. Catechism of the Catholic Church, 2nd edition
Holy See, Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1997The sacrament of Confirmationthe holders' own accountView the Source
2. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 3rd revised edition
F. L. Cross and E. A. Livingstone (eds.), Oxford University Press, 2005Confirmation; chrismation and the Eastern practiceView the Source
2. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 3rd revised edition
F. L. Cross and E. A. Livingstone (eds.), Oxford University Press, 2005The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, s.v. confirmationView the Source
The Augsburg Confession
Philipp Melanchthon, 1530View the Source
The Book of Discipline of the United Methodist Church
United Methodist Church, The United Methodist Publishing Housethe holders' own accountView the Source
The Book of Common Prayer
Church of England; ed. Brian Cummings, Oxford University Press (Oxford World's Classics), 2011View the Source
The Egyptian or Coptic Church: A Detailed Description of Her Liturgical Services
O. H. E. KHS-Burmester, Societe d'Archeologie Copte, Cairo, 1967View the Source
Service Book of the Holy Orthodox-Catholic Apostolic Church
Isabel Florence Hapgood (compiler and translator), Houghton Mifflin, 1906View the Source
Quaker Faith and Practice: The Book of Christian Discipline of the Yearly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends in Britain
Britain Yearly Meeting, Britain Yearly Meetingthe holders' own accountView the Source
The Baptist Faith and Message
Southern Baptist Convention, 2000View the Source
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