Home›Sources›Manichaeism in the Later Roman Empire and Medieval China, 2nd editionSourcesManichaeism in the Later Roman Empire and Medieval China, 2nd editionCitation FormatsGeneral ReferenceGeneral Reference Citation TextDivinity Atlas. "Manichaeism in the Later Roman Empire and Medieval China, 2nd edition." Accessed August 30, 2026. https://dev-divinity.interactiveatlas.org/sources/manichaeism-in-the-later-roman-empire-and-medieval-china-2nd-edition.Copy General ReferenceAPA StyleAPA Style Citation TextDivinity Atlas. (n.d.). Manichaeism in the Later Roman Empire and Medieval China, 2nd edition. Retrieved August 30, 2026, from https://dev-divinity.interactiveatlas.org/sources/manichaeism-in-the-later-roman-empire-and-medieval-china-2nd-editionCopy APA StyleBibTeXBibTeX Citation Text@misc{divinityatlas-manichaeism-in-the-later-roman-empire-an, author = {Divinity Atlas}, title = {Manichaeism in the Later Roman Empire and Medieval China, 2nd edition}, year = {2026}, url = {https://dev-divinity.interactiveatlas.org/sources/manichaeism-in-the-later-roman-empire-and-medieval-china-2nd-edition}, note = {Accessed August 30, 2026} }Copy BibTeXSamuel Lieu is a historian of Manichaeism, and this academic monograph, now in its second edition from Mohr Siebeck, is one of the standard scholarly treatments tracing Manichaeism's spread from its origins into the later Roman Empire and separately into medieval China, using primary sources in multiple languages including Chinese, Greek, Latin and Iranian material. Its strength is exactly that comparative reach across two very different regions where Manichaeism survived under different pressures, drawing on original documents rather than later secondhand polemics against it. Because a second edition exists, it reflects updated scholarship correcting or extending the first. Its limit is that Manichean primary sources are fragmentary and often survive only through hostile critics, a constraint the book is explicit about rather than concealing.FactsCross-Tradition ConnectionsClaims Backed By This Source (88 claims)Comments (0)Reader Challenges (0 open reader challenges)FactsCitationAuthorWell-attestedSamuel N. C. LieuPublisherWell-attestedMohr SiebeckPublication YearWell-attested1992Source TypeWell-attestedMonographAssessmentReliability TierWell-attested1Samuel Lieu's standard scholarly history of the Manichaean church from Mani to its Chinese survival, published by Mohr Siebeck.NotesWell-attestedThe standard history of the Manichaean church from Mani to its Chinese survival.Cross-Tradition ConnectionsAssociated WithChina, Countries Well-attested This source names China directly: "Empire and separately into medieval China, using primary sources in multiple languages including Chinese, Greek, Latin and Iranian material."Source Manichaeism in the Later Roman Empire and Medieval China, 2nd editionSamuel N. C. Lieutier 1Claims Backed By This Source (88 claims)This source backs 88 claims across the atlas. As facts: 62 well-attested, 1 scholarly debate. As cited relationships: 8 holds. Plus 17 entities citing it as a general reference with no single fact or relationship attached.Disposition By TopicDoctrines, 20 claims: 13 well-attested, 2 holds, 5 general references.Articles, 18 claims: 15 well-attested, 3 general references.Religions, 13 claims: 12 well-attested, 1 general references.Scriptures & Texts, 11 claims: 6 well-attested, 4 holds, 1 general references.Sources, 8 claims: 7 well-attested, 1 holds.Historical Figures, 7 claims: 5 well-attested, 1 holds, 1 general references.Pantheons, 5 claims: 3 well-attested, 1 scholarly debate, 1 general references.Cities, 3 claims: 3 general references.Languages, 2 claims: 1 well-attested, 1 general references.Regions, 1 claims: 1 general references.Well-attested62ArticlesHearers and ElectReading a Conversion through Three LanguagesThe Labor the Seal of the Hands Handed to the HearersThe Objection Augustine Raised From Inside the SystemThe Only Manichaean StateTwo Principles, Three MomentsWhy the Elect Could Not Farm Their Own FoodDoctrinesMani as the Final ApostleThe Elect and the HearersThe Imprisonment and Release of the LightHistorical FiguresBogu KhaganLanguagesSogdianPantheonsManichaeanReligionsManichaeismScriptures & TextsThe Kephalaia (Chapters of the Teacher)SourcesManichaeism in the Later Roman Empire and Medieval China, 2nd editionScholarly debate1PantheonsManichaeanHolds8DoctrinesThe Elect and the HearersThe Imprisonment and Release of the LightHistorical FiguresBogu KhaganScriptures & TextsThe Kephalaia (Chapters of the Teacher)SourcesManichaeism in the Later Roman Empire and Medieval China, 2nd editionGeneral References17ArticlesThe Labor the Seal of the Hands Handed to the HearersThe Objection Augustine Raised From Inside the SystemWhy the Elect Could Not Farm Their Own FoodCitiesChang'anCologneSamarkandDoctrinesMani as the Final ApostleThe Elect and the HearersThe Imprisonment and Release of the LightThe Three SealsThe Two Principles and the Three MomentsHistorical FiguresBogu KhaganLanguagesSogdianPantheonsManichaeanRegionsCentral AsiaReligionsManichaeismScriptures & TextsThe Kephalaia (Chapters of the Teacher)Comments (0)No comments yet. Be the first to share a thought.Sign in to join the discussion.Reader Challenges (0 open reader challenges)No disputes yet. Spotted an error or a better source? Open the first one.Sign in to dispute this or suggest a correction.View At A Past YearThe atlas records no dated fact of its own for this entry, so there is no other year to choose.Show This Year