Divinity Atlas

Sacred Correspondences
Deities

Baal

BAH-ahl
Also Known As Hadad
Canaanite Deities

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Baal, properly Baal Hadad, is the Canaanite storm god, the rider on the clouds, whose voice is thunder and who brings the rain that a land without a Nile depends on entirely. The Baal Cycle from Ugarit, written in alphabetic cuneiform in the fourteenth or thirteenth century BC, gives his story in three movements: he defeats Yam, the sea, with two clubs made by the craftsman god and is acclaimed king; he is granted a palace with a window; and he is swallowed by Mot, death, so that the earth dries, until Anat kills Mot and Baal returns. His title means simply lord or owner and was borne by many local storm gods; the Hebrew prophets treat him as the chief rival of their god, which is how most readers first meet him.

Facts
Attributions
Mythic Association
The Ugaritic Baal Cycle narrates his combat first with Yam, the sea, and then with Mot, death, establishing his kingship among the gods after the second contest. 1
Cult
Principal Cult Centre
Mount Zaphon (Jebel al-Aqra), and the temple of Baal at Ugarit 1
Attributes and Iconography
The Baal au foudre stele found at Ugarit and now held in the Louvre shows the god striding forward with a raised mace in one hand and a stylized spear or thunderbolt tipped like a growing plant in the other, an image widely reproduced as the standard visual identification of Baal in scholarship on Ugaritic religion. 2
Practice
Lineage
Ugaritic texts most often call Baal son of Dagan, the grain god, rather than son of El, an apparent genealogical inconsistency scholars read as evidence that Baal's cult and mythology drew together more than one older tradition. 1
Function
Domain / Function
Storm and thunder 1
Domain / Function
Rain and weather 1
Domain / Function
Fertility and generation 1
Domain / Function
Kingship and sovereignty 1
Identity
Gender
Male 1
Attestation
Era of Attestation
1400 BCE to 200 CE 1
Veneration Today
Historically attested; no continuous cult 1
Historicity
Not a historical person: a divine or other-than-human being 1
Sources
Textual Note
The Baal Cycle recounts Baal's battle against Yam, the god of the sea, for kingship among the gods, a conflict the Ugaritic tablets frame as establishing Baal's right to rule before he goes on to build his own palace on Mount Zaphon. 1
Belief
Theology
Polytheistic: many gods 2
Origins
Origin of the Name
Baal's title means simply lord or owner, a title borne by many local Canaanite storm gods, so that Baal Hadad is properly a specific god carrying a general honorific rather than a personal name in itself. 3
Life
Associated Relic
A monumental basalt stele known as "Baal with Thunderbolt," excavated at the temple of Baal at Ugarit and now held in the Louvre, depicts the god striding forward brandishing a mace and a spear whose shaft terminates in a stylized lightning bolt, among the most iconic surviving images of a Northwest Semitic storm god. 3
Position Profile
Key Text
The Ugaritic Baal Cycle recounts a sequence of battles in which Baal first defeats Yam, the sea, to win kingship among the gods, is then swallowed by Mot, the god of death, and lies dormant until his sister Anat defeats Mot in turn and revives him, a cycle scholars read as tied to the seasonal return of the life giving rains. 1
Learn More
The Baal Cycle

The Baal Cycle is a sequence of tablets from the archive at Ras Shamra, ancient Ugarit on the Syrian coast, written in the alphabetic cuneiform of that city in the fourteenth or thirteenth century BC. The tablets are damaged and their order is partly reconstructed, but the shape of the narrative is clear and it moves in three stages.

First, kingship. Yam, the sea, is granted rule by El and demands that Baal be handed over as his servant. The assembly of the gods lowers its heads. Baal fights, armed with two clubs made and named for him by Kothar-wa-Khasis, the craftsman god: the first strikes Yam's shoulders and does not fell him, the second strikes his skull and does. Baal is proclaimed king.

Second, the palace. A king needs a house, and Baal has none. Anat and then Athirat are sent to petition El, who consents. Kothar builds it of cedar, silver and gold, and proposes a window; Baal refuses at first, fearing that Yam might reach his daughters through it, then relents, and when the window is opened his voice goes out through it as thunder. The window is the point of the episode: it is how rain reaches the world.

Third, death. Baal goes down into the throat of Mot, death. The message reaches El, who comes down from his throne, sits on the ground, gashes his skin and mourns. The earth dries. Anat searches, finds the body, buries it on the mountain, and then seizes Mot and splits, winnows, burns, grinds and sows him. El dreams that the heavens rain oil and the wadis run with honey, and knows that Baal lives. Baal returns; Mot returns too, after seven years, and they fight until the sun goddess Shapshu warns Mot that El has withdrawn support, and he yields.

The cycle is often read as a seasonal myth of drought and rain, and the imagery supports that, though the seven-year interval fits a longer cycle of famine years, and scholars disagree about how tightly the story maps onto the agricultural calendar.

Baal in the Hebrew Bible, and What Ugarit Changed

Before 1929 the Canaanite gods were known almost entirely through the writings of people who opposed them. The Hebrew Bible names Baal constantly and always as a rival: Elijah against the four hundred and fifty prophets of Baal on Carmel, calling on them to shout louder because perhaps their god is asleep or on a journey; Jezebel importing his cult from Tyre; Hosea and Jeremiah returning to him as the standing image of infidelity. From that material Baal looks like a single foreign god with a single cult, and a fairly flat one.

In 1929 a farmer's plough struck a tomb at Ras Shamra on the Syrian coast, and excavation uncovered Ugarit, a Late Bronze Age city with an archive in a previously unknown alphabetic script, deciphered within a year. The tablets included long narrative poems about Baal, El, Anat, Athirat, Yam and Mot, written by their own worshippers, and the effect on the study of Israelite religion was immediate and permanent.

Three things changed. Baal turned out to be a title, meaning lord or owner, borne by many local storm gods, which is why the biblical text can speak of the baals in the plural and of Baal of Peor and Baal-zebub of Ekron. El turned out to be a separate and senior god with his own character, not simply another name for Baal, and El's titles and epithets overlap substantially with those of the god of Israel. And the poetry turned out to share formulae, parallelism and imagery with Hebrew poetry closely enough that Ugaritic is now a standard tool for reading difficult passages in the Psalms and in Job.

The rider on the clouds is the clearest single instance: it is Baal's regular epithet at Ugarit, and it is applied to the god of Israel in Psalm 68. What that implies about the relationship between the two religions is argued over. That there is a relationship is not.

Correspondences & Relations

Archetypes

Pantheons

Cross-Tradition Connections

Associated With

This source names Baal directly: "Its limit is that Ugaritic religious texts, the Baal Cycle and related myths chief among them, survive as damaged tablets with real gaps and disputed readings, so a specific mythological or ritual..."

Source A Manual of UgariticPierre Bordreuil and Dennis Pardee
Aleppo, Cities

The citadel of Aleppo stands over a temple of the storm god Hadad used in the second millennium BCE, per the city's own description.

Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)

This source names Baal directly: "The sourced Wikipedia account of the Baal with Thunderbolt stele from Ugarit, covering its 1932 discovery by Claude Schaeffer's excavation near the Temple of Baal, its dimensions, iconography and..."

Damascus, Cities

A temple of Hadad stood on the site later occupied by the Umayyad Mosque, per the city's own description.

Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)

This source names Baal directly: "Moshe Rosman is a historian of early modern Polish Jewry, and this University of California Press book is his archival study of Israel ben Eliezer, the Ba'al Shem Tov, separating what can actually..."

Jezebel, Figures

Maintained hundreds of prophets of Baal at royal expense.

Source The Hebrew Bible (Tanakh)Anonymous (multiple authors)

This source names Baal directly: "The craftsman god of the Ugaritic Baal Cycle, whose name means "Skilled and Wise"."

Source Ugaritic Narrative PoetrySimon B. Parker (ed.); Mark S. Smith and others (trans.)

This source names Baal directly: "presenting the limestone "Stele of Baal with the Thunderbolt," discovered at the site in 1932 and now held by the Musee du Louvre."

This source names Baal directly: "4.427), whose own title is "Stele du Baal au foudre" and whose own decor field lists "dieu ; Baal ; bras leve ; foudre," naming the Canaanite storm god Baal outright."

Palmyra, Sacred Sites

The Temple of Bel stood at the centre of the city until it was destroyed in 2015.

Source The Oxford Classical Dictionary, 4th editionSimon Hornblower, Antony Spawforth and Esther Eidinow (eds.)
Phoenician, Pantheons

This source names Baal directly: "Eshmun, the healing god of Sidon; Baal Shamem and Baalat Gebal at Byblos; and Tanit, who rose to become the presiding goddess of Carthage."

Source In Search of the PhoeniciansJosephine Quinn

This source names Baal directly: "his New Kingdom syncretic form as Seth-Baal, identified with the Canaanite storm god, standing atop a lion."

This source names Baal directly: "record for "Scarab with Figure of Seth-Baal on a Lion," a faience scarab of Dynasty 19-20 (New Kingdom), ca."

Shapash, Deities

This source names Baal directly: "called "Torch of the Gods" in the Baal Cycle, where she is the one figure with standing access to both the world of the living and the underworld, since her daily course is read as passing through..."

Source Ugaritic Narrative PoetrySimon B. Parker (ed.); Mark S. Smith and others (trans.)

This source names Baal directly: "English translation of the Ugaritic Baal Cycle and related texts recovered from the site of Ras Shamra."

Source Stories from Ancient CanaanMichael D. Coogan and Mark S. Smith
Tanit, Deities

This source names Baal directly: "century BCE onward, titled "Face of Baal" (pene Baal) and paired with Baal Hammon as the city's two chief deities, her name eventually placed first on Carthaginian dedications in a reversal of their..."

Source In Search of the PhoeniciansJosephine Quinn

An Aramean temple of Hadad the storm god lies beneath the mosque, per the site's own description.

Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)
Ugarit, Cities

The Baal cycle was recovered from the archives of Ugarit.

This source names Baal directly: "The tablets they were used to write include the Baal Cycle, the tale of Aqhat and the tale of Kirta, the fullest surviving Canaanite mythological literature."

Source The World's Writing SystemsPeter T. Daniels and William Bright (eds.)

This source names Baal directly: "It is the standard English rendering scholars cite for the Baal Cycle, the Kirta epic and the Aqhat epic specifically because of that documented translation method and the Society's own editorial..."

Source Ugaritic Narrative PoetrySimon B. Parker (ed.); Mark S. Smith and others (trans.)

Depicted In

Identified with (Interpretatio)

Adad, Deities

Adad, the Mesopotamian storm god, shares his function and the related name Hadad with the Canaanite storm god Baal, both wielding forks of lightning and bringing the rains that make the fields fruitful.

Opposed By

Mot, Deities

In the Baal Cycle, Mot summons Baal down into his gullet and the earth withers, and after Mot revives seven years later the two gods fight until Mot concedes.

Source Ugaritic Narrative PoetrySimon B. Parker (ed.); Mark S. Smith and others (trans.)

Related To

Anat, Deities

Anat is the sister and ally of Baal in the Ugaritic tablets, fighting at his side and avenging him when Mot swallows him.

Source Ugaritic Narrative PoetrySimon B. Parker (ed.); Mark S. Smith and others (trans.)
El, Deities

El presides at a careful distance over the Baal Cycle: Baal fights, wins his palace, and is swallowed by Mot, while El grants, consents and decrees.

Source Ugaritic Narrative PoetrySimon B. Parker (ed.); Mark S. Smith and others (trans.)

Baal is the cycle's central figure; the text is the fullest surviving narrative of his mythology.

Source Stories from Ancient CanaanMichael D. Coogan and Mark S. Smith

Sacred to This Deity

Carthage, Cities

Baal Hammon was worshipped at Carthage alongside Tanit; the Punic Baal Hammon is a specific figure within the broader Baal title.

Worshipped In

Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)
Sources
1. Ugaritic Narrative Poetry
Simon B. Parker (ed.); Mark S. Smith and others (trans.), Society of Biblical Literature, 1997The Baal Cycle, KTU 1.1-1.6
Quote, The Baal Cycle, KTU 1.1-1.6
Baal defeats Yam with two clubs made by Kothar, is granted a palace with a window through which his thunder goes out, and is swallowed by Mot until Anat destroys him.
View the Source
2. Stories from Ancient Canaan
Michael D. Coogan and Mark S. Smith, Westminster John Knox Press, 2012
3. Encyclopedia of Religion
Mircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.), Macmillan Reference, 2005s.v. BaalView the Source
The Hebrew Bible (Tanakh)
Anonymous (multiple authors)1 Kings 18 and Psalm 68
Quote, 1 Kings 18 and Psalm 68
The Hebrew Bible's Baal is the standing rival of the god of Israel, who is himself called the rider on the clouds, Baal's own Ugaritic epithet.
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