Divinity Atlas

Sacred Correspondences
Deities

Dhumavati

Also Known As Dhoomavati (Sanskrit)
Hindu Deities

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Dhumavati is the seventh Mahavidya and the only widow among them. She is old, tall, pale and dishevelled, with missing teeth and a drooping figure, dressed in dirty clothes, riding a crow or standing in a chariot with no horses and a crow on its banner, holding a winnowing basket. She is inauspiciousness itself: hunger, thirst, quarrel, poverty and loss are given as her nature rather than as things she inflicts. One account has her swallow Shiva out of hunger and so widow herself. She is not worshipped by married couples in the ordinary way, and her devotees approach her for the removal of misfortune and for what is gained by facing what nobody wants. That a tradition put her in a list of ten forms of the supreme Goddess is the strongest evidence that the set was assembled to include the inauspicious deliberately.

History & Origin

One Puranic account explains her origin from an episode in which the goddess Sati, angered by Shiva's refusal to feed her, swallowed him whole and was then forced to disgorge him, the smoke, dhuma, released in that act becoming her very form, an origin that grounds her enduring association with hunger, widowhood and inauspiciousness.

Facts
Function
Domain / Function
Destruction and dissolution 1
Cult
Principal Cult Centre
Her temple at Varanasi, one of the few places where she is enshrined rather than only invoked 1
Attributes and Iconography
An old widow, pale and dishevelled, in a cart bannered with a crow, holding a winnowing basket. 1
Worship and Practice
Her worship departs from ordinary temple convention: she is approached alone rather than with family, at inauspicious times such as dusk or during eclipses, and offerings to her traditionally include impure items such as alcohol or broken objects, matching the ill omened nature she embodies. 2
Sources
Textual Note
Some scholars read Dhumavati as tantra's structural counterpart to Alakshmi, the inauspicious opposite of Lakshmi named in Puranic tradition, since both figures give the inauspicious and unlucky a divine form rather than treating it merely as an absence of the goddess of fortune. 2
Identity
Gender
Female 1
Belief
Theology
Monistic: one ultimate reality behind all appearance 3
Attestation
Era of Attestation
The group of ten Mahavidyas is set out in tantric literature of the early medieval period, and its goddesses have been venerated continuously since. 1
Veneration Today
Actively venerated in a living tradition 1
Meaning in the Attesting Source
The smoky one 2Tradition: Shakta Tantra
Historicity
Legendary: known from narrative tradition, not the historical record 2
Position Profile
Key Text
Tantric Visions of the Divine Feminine describes Dhumavati as the seventh of the ten Mahavidyas, depicted as a widow associated with smoke, misfortune and the periods the world regards as inauspicious, a form tantric theology reads as demonstrating that the divine feminine encompasses even what ordinary society considers unwelcome. 2
Attributions
Mythic Association
One account explains her own widowhood by having her swallow Shiva out of hunger, an origin story that makes her the one Mahavidya whose defining loss she brought upon herself. 2
Mythic Association
The seventh Mahavidya, Dhumavati personifies inauspiciousness and want, and is invoked for freedom from desire rather than for worldly gain. 2
Origins
Origin of the Name
Dhumavati's name derives from the Sanskrit dhuma, smoke, and she is described in Tantric texts as manifesting from the smoke that rose when the goddess Sati, in an earlier form, consumed herself, linking her very name to an act of self-immolation. 2
Status
Scholarly Standing Detail
Scholars point to Dhumavati's inclusion among the ten Mahavidyas as the strongest evidence that the group was deliberately assembled to encompass the inauspicious alongside the auspicious, since a tradition that wanted only benign forms of the Goddess had no need to include a figure defined by hunger, loss and widowhood. 2
Learn More
The Widow in the Horseless Chariot

Dhumavati is described with a precision usually reserved for beauty. She is tall, old and pale, with a wrinkled face, missing teeth, dishevelled grey hair and a drooping figure; her clothes are dirty and taken from a corpse; she is hungry and thirsty and never satisfied; her nose is long, her eyes are cruel, her hands tremble. She rides a crow, or stands in a chariot that carries a crow on its banner and has no horses to pull it, holding a winnowing basket.

Every element is a marker of inauspiciousness in Indian terms. The crow belongs to the ancestors and to cremation. The widow's white and the uncovered hair are the state that ordinary ritual life is arranged to avoid. The horseless chariot is a vehicle that cannot go anywhere. The winnowing basket separates grain from chaff, so what she holds is the instrument that discards.

Her nature is not what she does to people but what she is. The texts name her as hunger, thirst, quarrel, poverty, loss, and the moment near dissolution when only smoke remains, which is what her name means, the smoky one. One account explains her widowhood by having her, overcome with hunger, swallow Shiva, who then departs from her; she is a widow because she consumed her own husband, and even that act is hunger rather than malice.

Why a List of Ten Includes Her

Dhumavati is the strongest single piece of evidence that the Mahavidyas were assembled deliberately rather than collected by accident. A list of the great forms of the supreme Goddess that took in prosperity, learning, beauty and terrifying power might reasonably be expected to stop there. This one takes in the state that every auspicious rite is designed to keep out of the house, and gives it the same standing as the rest.

She is worshipped accordingly. She is generally not approached by married couples for the usual goods, and the tradition warns that her presence brings what she is, so that a woman whose husband is living has reason not to take up her worship. Her devotees are ascetics, renouncers and those seeking the removal of misfortune, and the logic is straightforward: the goddess who is loss is the one to address about loss. She has an active temple in Varanasi, where offerings unlike those of ordinary temple practice are made to her.

The theological point is stated plainly in the texts that praise her. If the Goddess is everything, then she is also what nobody wants, and a devotion that offers her only the acceptable half has not understood the claim it is making. Kinsley reads her as the Goddess at her most uncompromising: not a benign figure with a dark aspect, but the disagreeable itself, given a name, a chariot and a share of worship.

Correspondences & Relations

Pantheons

Cross-Tradition Connections

Associated With

This source names Dhumavati directly: "Art Studio lithograph diptych of Dhumavati and Matangi, describing Dhumavati as an aged widow with unbound hair holding a winnowing frame while crows circle her carriage, and Matangi as a beautiful..."

Belongs to Tradition

Counted as the seventh of the ten Mahavidyas, the set of ten forms of the supreme Goddess in Shakta tantra.

Depicted In

Sibling Of

Bagalamukhi, Deities

Both are counted among the ten Mahavidyas: this one is the seventh of the ten Mahavidyas and the other is the eighth of the ten Mahavidyas.

Bagalamukhi, Deities

Both are counted among the ten Mahavidyas: this one is the eighth of the ten Mahavidyas and the other is the seventh of the ten Mahavidyas.

Bhairavi, Deities

Both are counted among the ten Mahavidyas: this one is the seventh of the ten Mahavidyas and the other is the fifth of the ten Mahavidyas.

Bhairavi, Deities

Both are counted among the ten Mahavidyas: this one is the fifth of the ten Mahavidyas and the other is the seventh of the ten Mahavidyas.

Bhuvaneshvari, Deities

Both are counted among the ten Mahavidyas: this one is the seventh of the ten Mahavidyas and the other is the fourth of the ten Mahavidyas.

Bhuvaneshvari, Deities

Both are counted among the ten Mahavidyas: this one is the fourth of the ten Mahavidyas and the other is the seventh of the ten Mahavidyas.

Chhinnamasta, Deities

Both are counted among the ten Mahavidyas: this one is the seventh of the ten Mahavidyas and the other is the sixth of the ten Mahavidyas.

Chhinnamasta, Deities

Both are counted among the ten Mahavidyas: this one is the sixth of the ten Mahavidyas and the other is the seventh of the ten Mahavidyas.

Kali, Deities

Both are counted among the ten Mahavidyas: this one is the seventh of the ten Mahavidyas and the other is the first of the ten Mahavidyas.

Kali, Deities

Both are counted among the ten Mahavidyas: this one is the first of the ten Mahavidyas and the other is the seventh of the ten Mahavidyas.

Kamala, Deities

Both are counted among the ten Mahavidyas: this one is the seventh of the ten Mahavidyas and the other is the tenth of the ten Mahavidyas.

Kamala, Deities

Both are counted among the ten Mahavidyas: this one is the tenth of the ten Mahavidyas and the other is the seventh of the ten Mahavidyas.

Both are counted among the ten Mahavidyas: this one is the seventh of the ten Mahavidyas and the other is the third of the ten Mahavidyas, listed as Shodashi or Tripura Sundari.

Both are counted among the ten Mahavidyas: this one is the third of the ten Mahavidyas, listed as Shodashi or Tripura Sundari and the other is the seventh of the ten Mahavidyas.

Matangi, Deities

Both are counted among the ten Mahavidyas: this one is the seventh of the ten Mahavidyas and the other is the ninth of the ten Mahavidyas.

Matangi, Deities

Both are counted among the ten Mahavidyas: this one is the ninth of the ten Mahavidyas and the other is the seventh of the ten Mahavidyas.

Both are counted among the ten Mahavidyas: this one is the seventh of the ten Mahavidyas and the other is the second of the ten Mahavidyas.

Both are counted among the ten Mahavidyas: this one is the second of the ten Mahavidyas and the other is the seventh of the ten Mahavidyas.

Worshipped In

Sources
1. Encyclopedia of Hinduism
Denise Cush, Catherine Robinson and Michael York (eds.), Routledge, 2008View the Source
2. Tantric Visions of the Divine Feminine: The Ten Mahavidyas
David R. Kinsley, University of California Press, 1997The Ten MahavidyasView the Source
3. Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition
David R. Kinsley, University of California Press, 1988cited for the Learn More articles on this pageView the Source

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