Divinity Atlas

Sacred Correspondences
Rituals

Funeral Rites

Funerary Rituals

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Origin Disposal of the dead with rite is attested wherever there is a written record

A funeral does at least three things at once and traditions weight them very differently: it disposes of a body, it settles the status of the dead, and it reorganises the living. Judaism and Islam concentrate on speed and simplicity and hold the elaborate funeral to be a discourtesy to the poor, who cannot match it. Hindu practice makes the chief mourner an active agent whose ritual work over the following days constructs a body for the deceased to travel in. Catholic and Orthodox funerals are offered as prayer for the dead, on the premise that prayer can still help them, a premise the Reformation rejected outright and which remains one of the sharpest divides in Christian practice. Buddhist funerals in most of Asia transfer merit rather than petition anyone. The differences are not decorative; they follow from what each tradition thinks has happened to the person.

Facts
Origins
Origin Period
Disposal of the dead with rite is attested wherever there is a written record 2
Origin Period
No single origin 2
Place of Origin
No single tradition originated funeral practice: the disposal of the dead through burial, cremation, exposure or other means developed independently and repeatedly across human religious history. 2
Historical Origin
This comparative study of death and religion traces the near universal presence of funeral rites to their function in managing both the practical disposal of a body and the social disruption a death causes to the survivors, a dual purpose scholars find repeated across unrelated traditions. 2
Status
Current Status
Practiced today in as many distinct forms as there are traditions, from cremation to earth burial to sky burial, with no single form treated as universal. 2
Attributions
Tradition
A category label covering the distinct funerary customs of many religious traditions, from Hindu cremation to Islamic ghusl and burial, Zoroastrian exposure, Jewish shiva observance and Christian requiem rites, rather than one shared lineage of practice. 1
Purpose
Religious funeral rites generally serve both to commend the deceased to the divine and to mark the transition of the community's relationship to the dead, ranging from the Christian funeral Mass to the Jewish practice of sitting shiva. 1
Function
Stage of Life Marked
Death and the disposal of the body 2
Practice
Who Performs It
All adherents of the tradition 1
Frequency
Once, or at a turning point in a life 2
Solitary or Communal
Performed by a gathered group 2
Meaning
Literal Meaning
The English word itself comes from the Latin funus, meaning both a funeral procession and, by extension, a corpse or a death; the same root gives English funereal, and the double sense in the Latin, naming the event and the body at once, reflects how closely the two were treated as one matter in Roman practice. 1
Use
Occasion
Marked at the moment of death itself, though many traditions extend the rite across a further sequence of memorial observances held at fixed intervals afterward. 2
Text
Source Text
Encyclopedia of Religion surveys funeral rites as a near universal category of religious practice, describing how the specific texts, prayers and disposal methods used vary enormously by tradition even though the underlying concern with marking and interpreting death is shared. 1
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Three Jobs at Once

A funeral is doing at least three things simultaneously, and traditions weight them so differently that comparing the ceremonies without separating the functions produces nonsense.

It disposes of a body, which is a practical problem with a deadline. It settles the status of the dead person, which is a claim about metaphysics. And it reorganises the living, who now stand in different relations to one another and need that stated publicly.

Judaism and Islam weight the first and third and are deliberately austere about display. Both bury quickly, both use plain wrappings identical for rich and poor, and both traditions contain explicit statements that an expensive funeral is a discourtesy, because it shames families who cannot match it. The rabbinic sources record a deliberate reform to this effect, and it worked.

Hindu practice weights the second heavily and assigns the work to a person. The chief mourner is not a spectator; over the following days his offerings are understood to construct a subtle body in which the deceased can travel, and until that work is complete the dead person is in an unfinished and somewhat dangerous condition. The ritual is a task with a product.

Catholic and Orthodox funerals are offered as prayer for the dead, on the premise that the living can still assist them. The Reformation rejected that premise directly, and Protestant funerals became proclamation addressed to the living instead. The two look superficially similar and are doing opposite things, and this remains one of the sharpest practical divides in Christian life.

Buddhist funerals across most of Asia transfer merit to the deceased rather than petitioning any power on their behalf. The mechanism is different from intercession even where the outward form of chanting monks and offerings looks much the same.

One general caution. Nearly every tradition's funeral rite is older than its own doctrine of the afterlife, and has been reinterpreted more than once to fit later theology. Deliberate burial in the archaeological record predates any recoverable belief about it by a very long way, and confident inferences from grave goods to doctrine are a great deal less secure than popular accounts imply.

Sky Burial, and What It Is Not

Tibetan sky burial, jhator, gives the body to vultures on a designated site, the corpse prepared by a specialist so that the birds can complete the work quickly. It is the ordinary funeral for most Tibetans, not an exotic exception, and it is done for reasons that are both practical and doctrinal.

The practical reasons are hard to overstate. Much of the Tibetan plateau is above the treeline, so fuel for a pyre is scarce and expensive, and the ground is frozen or thin over rock for much of the year. Cremation exists in Tibet and is largely reserved for lamas and for those who can afford it, which is itself informative.

The doctrinal reason is that the body, once the consciousness has departed, is a container of no further use, and giving it to living creatures is a final act of generosity. That framing is genuinely held and is not a rationalisation of the practical constraint, but it is also not the whole story, and accounts that present it as pure symbolism while omitting the treeline are giving a partial picture.

Two cautions. First, the rite is not open. It is conducted for the family and the specialists, photography is unwelcome and is now regulated by the authorities, and the descriptions that circulate most widely in English were produced by visitors who were asked not to produce them. Second, the practice was suppressed during the Cultural Revolution and permitted again from the early 1980s; its present legal position in China is one of tolerance under regulation rather than of right, and Tibetan communities have had to negotiate for it.

The Zoroastrian practice of exposure is a genuinely comparable rite reached from an entirely different premise, and the two are frequently confused in popular writing. Tibetan practice gives the body away because it no longer matters. Zoroastrian practice exposes it because it matters a great deal in the wrong direction, being a source of pollution that must be kept from earth, fire and water alike.

Cross-Tradition Connections

Belongs to Tradition

Kept in the African Methodist Episcopal Church, the first denomination in the United States founded by Black people. The Service of Death and Resurrection is the modern form of the burial office and takes its name from what it is meant to proclaim.

Kept in the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church. The Service of Death and Resurrection is the modern form of the burial office and takes its name from what it is meant to proclaim.

Amish, Denominations

The funeral is held in the home or the barn, the coffin is plain and made by the community, and the grave marker is uniform with every other.

Kept across the provinces of the Anglican Communion. The Order for the Burial of the Dead is in the Prayer Book, and the sixteenth-century books removed the prayers for the dead that the medieval rite had carried.

The Order for the Burial of the Dead is in the Prayer Book, and the sixteenth-century books removed the prayers for the dead that the medieval rite had carried.

Source The Book of Common PrayerChurch of England; ed. Brian Cummings

Kept in the Armenian Apostolic Church. The funeral offices differ by order and by day, and prayer for the dead is offered at the Liturgy.

Baptist, Denominations

The funeral is a service of the congregation, plain in form, with no prayer offered for the dead.

Buddhism, Religions
Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)

The Reformed burial was deliberately plain, and the Westminster Directory directed that the body be interred without ceremony, which is a reaction against the medieval rite rather than an absence of one.

Kept in the Christian Methodist Episcopal Church. The Service of Death and Resurrection is the modern form of the burial office and takes its name from what it is meant to proclaim.

Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)

Kept in the Church of Cyprus, autocephalous since the Council of Ephesus in 431. The funeral service, the Panikhida and the memorial services on the third, ninth and fortieth days form one continuous set of offices for the dead.

Kept in the Church of England, the province from which the Prayer Book tradition comes. The Order for the Burial of the Dead is in the Prayer Book, and the sixteenth-century books removed the prayers for the dead that the medieval rite had carried.

Kept in the Church of Greece. The funeral service, the Panikhida and the memorial services on the third, ninth and fortieth days form one continuous set of offices for the dead.

Kept in the Church of Ireland. The Order for the Burial of the Dead is in the Prayer Book, and the sixteenth-century books removed the prayers for the dead that the medieval rite had carried.

Kept in the Church of Scotland, the established Presbyterian church of that country. The Reformed burial was deliberately plain, and the Westminster Directory directed that the body be interred without ceremony, which is a reaction against the medieval rite rather than an absence of one.

Kept in the Church of Sweden, which retained the historic episcopate through the Reformation as few Lutheran churches did. The burial office was retained, with the prayers for the dead removed and the promise of the resurrection put at the centre.

Kept in the Church of the Nazarene, which stands in the Wesleyan holiness line. The Service of Death and Resurrection is the modern form of the burial office and takes its name from what it is meant to proclaim.

Kept in the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria. The funeral offices differ by order and by day, and prayer for the dead is offered at the Liturgy.

The funeral is a service of the congregation.

Kept in the Dutch Reformed tradition, which holds the Heidelberg Catechism among its confessional standards. The Reformed burial was deliberately plain, and the Westminster Directory directed that the body be interred without ceremony, which is a reaction against the medieval rite rather than an absence of one.

The funeral service, the Panikhida and the memorial services on the third, ninth and fortieth days form one continuous set of offices for the dead.

Source Service Book of the Holy Orthodox-Catholic Apostolic ChurchIsabel Florence Hapgood (compiler and translator)

Kept in the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, the see of first honour among the Orthodox churches. The funeral service, the Panikhida and the memorial services on the third, ninth and fortieth days form one continuous set of offices for the dead.

Kept in the Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church. The funeral offices differ by order and by day, and prayer for the dead is offered at the Liturgy.

Kept in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. The funeral offices differ by order and by day, and prayer for the dead is offered at the Liturgy.

Kept in the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. The burial office was retained, with the prayers for the dead removed and the promise of the resurrection put at the centre.

Kept in the Free Methodist Church. The Service of Death and Resurrection is the modern form of the burial office and takes its name from what it is meant to proclaim.

Kept in the Georgian Orthodox Church, which has used its own language and script in worship since the fifth century. The funeral service, the Panikhida and the memorial services on the third, ninth and fortieth days form one continuous set of offices for the dead.

Kept in the Global Methodist Church, formed in 2022. The Service of Death and Resurrection is the modern form of the burial office and takes its name from what it is meant to proclaim.

Kept in the Greek Orthodox churches. The funeral service, the Panikhida and the memorial services on the third, ninth and fortieth days form one continuous set of offices for the dead.

The burial office was retained, with the prayers for the dead removed and the promise of the resurrection put at the centre.

The Service of Death and Resurrection is the modern form of the burial office and takes its name from what it is meant to proclaim.

Source The Book of Discipline of the United Methodist ChurchUnited Methodist Churchthe holders' own account

The dead are buried in God's Acre, where every stone is the same size and lies flat, so that no grave is grander than another. The Easter dawn service is read in the graveyard.

Kept in the National Baptist Convention of America International. The funeral is a service of the congregation, plain in form, with no prayer offered for the dead.

The funeral offices differ by order and by day, and prayer for the dead is offered at the Liturgy.

The funeral is a service of worship rather than a rite performed upon the body.

Kept in the Progressive National Baptist Convention. The funeral is a service of the congregation, plain in form, with no prayer offered for the dead.

The dead are remembered in a meeting for worship, in silence, with anyone free to speak, and the burial is plain.

The funeral is ordinarily a Mass, with the commendation of the dead and the rite of committal, and prayer for the dead follows from the doctrine of purgatory.

Source Catechism of the Catholic Church, 2nd editionHoly Seethe holders' own account

Kept in the Romanian Orthodox Church, the one Orthodox church of the Byzantine tradition whose language is Romance. The funeral service, the Panikhida and the memorial services on the third, ninth and fortieth days form one continuous set of offices for the dead.

Kept in the Russian Orthodox Church, in the Slavonic recension of the Byzantine books. The funeral service, the Panikhida and the memorial services on the third, ninth and fortieth days form one continuous set of offices for the dead.

Kept in the Serbian Orthodox Church. The funeral service, the Panikhida and the memorial services on the third, ninth and fortieth days form one continuous set of offices for the dead.

Kept in the Episcopal Church, whose own Prayer Book descends from the Scottish rather than the English line. The Order for the Burial of the Dead is in the Prayer Book, and the sixteenth-century books removed the prayers for the dead that the medieval rite had carried.

Kept in the United Methodist Church. The Service of Death and Resurrection is the modern form of the burial office and takes its name from what it is meant to proclaim.

Kept in the Ukrainian Orthodox Church. The funeral service, the Panikhida and the memorial services on the third, ninth and fortieth days form one continuous set of offices for the dead.

Kept in the Wesleyan Church. The Service of Death and Resurrection is the modern form of the burial office and takes its name from what it is meant to proclaim.

Conducted By

A pastor conducts the funeral service in the Protestant churches.

Source The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 3rd revised editionF. L. Cross and E. A. Livingstone (eds.)

Held Differently

The funeral in these churches addresses the dead and the ancestors rather than passing over them, which is one of the things that drew people out of the mission churches in the first place.

Source Bantu Prophets in South AfricaBengt G. M. Sundkler

Instances

Conducted by the bishop of the ward, arranged by the Relief Society, with the grave dedicated afterward by a Melchizedek priesthood holder as a distinct ordinance.

Related To

The Orthodox form of the general Christian funeral.

Source The Orthodox ChurchTimothy Ware (Kallistos Ware)
Sources
1. Encyclopedia of Religion
Mircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.), Macmillan Reference, 2005Funeral Rites: An OverviewView the Source
2. Death and Religion in a Changing World
Kathleen Garces-Foley (ed.), M. E. Sharpe, 2006View the Source
The Book of Discipline of the United Methodist Church
United Methodist Church, The United Methodist Publishing Housethe holders' own accountView the Source
Catechism of the Catholic Church, 2nd edition
Holy See, Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1997the holders' own accountView the Source
Quaker Faith and Practice: The Book of Christian Discipline of the Yearly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends in Britain
Britain Yearly Meeting, Britain Yearly Meetingthe holders' own accountView the Source
The Book of Common Prayer
Church of England; ed. Brian Cummings, Oxford University Press (Oxford World's Classics), 2011View the Source
The Egyptian or Coptic Church: A Detailed Description of Her Liturgical Services
O. H. E. KHS-Burmester, Societe d'Archeologie Copte, Cairo, 1967View the Source
Service Book of the Holy Orthodox-Catholic Apostolic Church
Isabel Florence Hapgood (compiler and translator), Houghton Mifflin, 1906View the Source
On the Cultural Ecology of Sky Burial on the Himalayan Plateau
Dan Martin, East and West, volume 46, pages 353 to 370, 1996The Tibet Journal, on jhator
The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 3rd revised edition
F. L. Cross and E. A. Livingstone (eds.), Oxford University Press, 2005View the Source
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