Theravada

This source names Theravada directly: "shifts among American Tibetan, Theravada and Zen teachers in the same period; the ceremonies took place at a time when the state did not yet legally recognize the unions."

This source names Theravada directly: "this as a multi-century process, with Theravada Buddhism firmly dominant by the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, rather than a single conversion event."

A royal court that patronized Theravada Buddhist temple building on a scale matched by few other capitals of the period.

This source names Theravada directly: "as three separate commemorations. Theravada Buddhism instead marks all three together on a single lunar day, Vesak, so the December date belongs only to the East Asian branch that separates them."

This source names Theravada directly: "a scholarly anthropological study of Theravada Buddhist practice in Burma, examining how doctrinal ideals interact with the lived religious life of ordinary Burmese Buddhists."

This source names Theravada directly: "sixteenth and seventeenth centuries Theravada Buddhism, not Hinduism, had become the settled religious framework of the site and the wider Khmer world, a position it still holds."

This source names Theravada directly: "founded in 2008 by the American Theravada monk Bhikkhu Bodhi, with a mission to combat chronic hunger and malnutrition."

This source names Theravada directly: "Mohan Wijayaratna, himself trained as a Theravada monk before becoming an academic historian of Buddhism, works directly from the Vinaya texts themselves to reconstruct the actual procedures of..."

This source names Theravada directly: "Its geographic focus is specifically Sri Lankan Theravada practice, and readers should not assume its findings generalize without qualification to Buddhist death ritual in Southeast Asian or East..."

This source names Theravada directly: "and history, from the forest monks of Theravada Southeast Asia to the Seon and Pure Land masters of Korea and China and the hierarchs and treasure revealers of Tibet."

A royal household office, not a monastic body. It has charge of Wat Phra Kaew and the Emerald Buddha, whose robes the king changes with the seasons in a Theravada state rite.

This source names Theravada directly: "Tradition holds that King Anawrahta of Pagan, who established Theravada Buddhism as the kingdom's religion in the eleventh century, could not suppress nat worship outright and instead fixed an..."

This source names Theravada directly: "nats and their coexistence with Theravada Buddhism, giving particular attention to Min Mahagiri, the Lord of the Great Mountain, whose shrine at Mount Popa is the center of the nat cult, and to the..."

This source names Theravada directly: "among the most widely read texts of Theravada Buddhism."

This source names Theravada directly: "Cambodia, and their coexistence with Theravada Buddhism in everyday Khmer religious life."

This source names Theravada directly: "than as a general statement about Theravada practice."

This source names Theravada directly: "They sit alongside Theravada Buddhism rather than in competition with it, absorbing older Angkorian era devotion to local guardian spirits and to figures of the pre-Buddhist Khmer court."

Theravada Buddhism spread at the popular level from the thirteenth century and has been Cambodia's religion since the court left Angkor.

This source names Theravada directly: "text itself, foundational to the Theravada account of the Buddha's passing."

The Mahavihara's reading of the discipline is the one Theravada inherited.

The city is the centre of Burmese Theravada monastic education and of its Pali examinations.

This source names Theravada directly: "worship sit alongside institutional Theravada Buddhism rather than in competition with it."

This source names Theravada directly: "DuBois writes about Buddhist millenarianism broadly rather than the Theravada Pali Canon specifically."

This source names Theravada directly: "nats, the spirits venerated alongside Theravada Buddhism across Myanmar (Burma)."

This source names Theravada directly: "so a claim generalizing to Tibetan or Theravada monastic and priestly structures needs a source addressing those separate traditions."

Nat veneration runs alongside Burmese Theravada Buddhist practice rather than being absorbed into or displaced by it; the two are held together by most Burmese practitioners.

This source names Theravada directly: "that run alongside rather than against Theravada Buddhist observance."

This source names Theravada directly: "work still cited by specialists in Theravada Buddhist textual studies."

This source names Theravada directly: "as three separate commemorations. Theravada traditions instead mark all three together on the single day of Vesak, so the same event falls on an entirely different day by branch."

This source names Theravada directly: "the most respected living scholars of Theravada Buddhism combining close command of Pali canonical texts with direct fieldwork among practicing lay Buddhists and monks."

The Lao monarchy was patron and protector of the Theravada sangha and keeper of the Pha Bang.

This source names Theravada directly: "solar calendar shared across Theravada Buddhist Southeast Asia rather than by a lunar system."

This source names Theravada directly: "at 2.4, both widely chanted texts in Theravada practice today."

This source names Theravada directly: "These figures are honoured alongside Theravada Buddhism rather than as a rival to it, and spirit house offerings remain everyday practice in Thai life."

This source names Theravada directly: "Its limit is that it is a translation of one recension, the Theravada Pali canon's version, of monastic discipline, so a claim about Buddhist monastic law generally should note that other Buddhist..."

This source names Theravada directly: "Swearer is a scholar of Theravada Buddhism, and this State University of New York Press book is his academic survey of Theravada Buddhist belief and practice across Southeast Asia, covering both..."

This source names Theravada directly: "Its strength is that Bodhi is both a practicing monastic within the Theravada tradition and a rigorously trained Pali scholar, giving the translation both linguistic precision and doctrinal fluency..."

This source names Theravada directly: "Its strength is that it is a primary canonical text itself, the Theravada tradition's own foundational record of how monastic life and discipline were established, rather than a later commentator's..."

This source names Theravada directly: "the primary scriptural collection of Theravada Buddhism, and this record states its dating honestly: the traditional account places its commitment to writing in Sri Lanka in the first century BCE, a..."

This source names Theravada directly: "As a primary canonical text preserved and transmitted within the Theravada Buddhist textual tradition since antiquity, it carries the strongest possible authority for what that tradition holds the..."

This source names Theravada directly: "including the named division into Theravada monastic lineages this atlas has drawn from it."

This source names Theravada directly: "Britannica's reference article on Theravada Buddhism, stating that Theravada Buddhists number well over 100 million worldwide, with its largest national populations in Thailand (about 61 million)..."

This source names Theravada directly: "across mainland Southeast Asia, a Theravada reform movement drawing on Sri Lanka's own sangha reforms and on the older Theravada heritage preserved among the Mon of southern Myanmar took root from..."

This source names Theravada directly: "Use it for the social history of the Theravada sangha and its relationship to lay society; a claim resting purely on canonical doctrine needs a dedicated textual source."

This source names Theravada directly: "Its limit is that a claim about Theravada doctrine itself needs a source examining Theravada teaching directly, not a film production article."

This source names Theravada directly: "the Vessantara Jataka, the story the Theravada tradition names its great teaching on generosity, dana: Prince Vessantara, having already given away his kingdom's rain-making white elephant, now..."

This source names Theravada directly: "is Buddhaghosa's own primary Theravada Buddhist text on meditation and doctrine, and this record states honestly that no publication year is given here because the conventional fifth century dating..."

The Sixth Council produced the recension of the Pali Canon that Burmese Theravada treats as authoritative.

Ajahn is the Thai title for a teacher of standing, and the forest tradition of Thailand is known abroad chiefly through the ajahns who led it.

Made to the Buddha image, to a monk and to a teacher, and the ordinary gesture of respect in the countries where Theravada is the majority religion.

The tree at Anuradhapura is grown from a cutting of the tree at Bodh Gaya, brought to the island in the third century before the common era, and is among the oldest documented planted trees in the world.

The arhat is the goal of the path as the Theravada teaches it, one in whom craving is extinguished and who will not be born again.

The fully ordained monk of the Theravada, bound by the two hundred and twenty seven rules of the Patimokkha, dependent on alms and forbidden to handle money.

The commonest posture of the Buddha image in Sri Lanka, Burma and Thailand, fixing the moment before the awakening.

The tree and the seat beneath it are where the awakening is placed, and the Theravada world maintains its own monasteries at the site.

Divided across the breath as the meditation object of the Thai forest tradition.

Generosity heads the Theravada list of ten perfections, which are the equipment of a being on the long road to buddhahood rather than the ordinary path of the disciple.

The seated image of the Buddha in meditation, and the posture a lay person is taught to sit in.

Aversion is one of the three unwholesome roots to be uprooted on the Theravada path.

The image at Bangkok is a palladium of the Thai kingdom, its robes changed by the monarch at each season, and its standing is as much dynastic as devotional.

The set of garments a fully ordained monastic may own is fixed and small, and the chapter on robes in the Vinaya is where the limit is stated.

The robe is cut into panels and sewn back together in the pattern the Vinaya sets out, so that the cloth is worthless as cloth and cannot be taken for property.

Patience is one of the ten Theravada perfections, listed alongside renunciation, truthfulness, resolve, loving kindness and equanimity, which the six-fold Mahayana list does not carry as perfections.

The lotus appears throughout Theravada art and in the offering of flowers at a shrine, where the flower fading is preached on as the lesson. It carries no doctrinal office of its own here.

The birthplace, marked by the pillar of Ashoka that identifies it, is one of the four places the tradition names as worth seeing.

Beads for counting recitation, used by lay devotees and by monastics, and not required of either.

Chanted at house blessings, at ordinations and before new undertakings across Theravada Asia.

Chanted daily in the monasteries and among the first texts a lay Buddhist learns by heart.

Delusion is the third unwholesome root and the one the other two rest on in the Theravada analysis.

Said three times before the refuges and the precepts, and before any chanting at all.

Protective discourses chanted by monks for blessing and for merit, often with a thread run from the reciters to the household.

The image that gave Luang Prabang its name is bound to Lao kingship, and its movements have followed the fortunes of the state that held it.

Wisdom is among the ten Theravada perfections, where it serves the arahant's release rather than a bodhisattva career undertaken by all.

Attachment is one of the three unwholesome roots, and the Theravada path is their uprooting; what is abandoned does not return.

Relics enshrined in a stupa are the focus of the great Theravada sites, and the merit of circumambulating one is a mainstream lay practice.

The tooth relic at Kandy is carried in procession each year and its custody has been bound up with the legitimacy of rule in Sri Lanka for centuries.

The Theravada order preserves the full monastic code and the ordination lineage, and the relation between the order and the laity is the axis its societies are built on.

Sayadaw is the Burmese title for a senior monk, and the great Burmese meditation teachers of the twentieth century held it.

Ethical conduct stands second among the ten Theravada perfections and is grounded in the precepts and the monastic discipline.

The temple holds the tooth relic, whose custody has been tied to the right to rule the island since the relic arrived, and the annual procession is the largest Buddhist festival in Sri Lanka.

The Sri Lankan chronicles make Ashoka the model of the righteous king and credit his mission with bringing the teaching to the island, so the edicts belong to the tradition's account of itself.

The eight rules subordinating the order of nuns to the order of monks are transmitted in the discipline, and their attribution to the Buddha is argued over within the tradition and outside it alike.

The council at Mandalay under King Mindon, which had the canon cut into marble slabs, is the fifth in the Theravada reckoning and belongs to the Burmese line of that tradition.

The Theravada account of the first recitation at Rajagaha is the tradition own account of how the discourses and the discipline came to be fixed, and the Pali commentaries treat it as the origin of the canon it transmits.

The recitation at Aluvihare in Sri Lanka, at which the canon was committed to writing, is the fourth council in the Theravada reckoning and the reason the Pali canon exists as a text rather than as a memory.

Theravada tradition reads Mahakassapa's ruling as establishing its own unbroken continuity with the full body of rules the Buddha himself laid down.

The council at Vesali over the ten points of monastic laxity is received in the Theravada account as the moment the discipline was reaffirmed against relaxation.

The council at Yangon, held to mark twenty five centuries since the parinibbana, produced the recension of the Pali canon in widest scholarly use and is the sixth in the Theravada reckoning.

The elders' rejection of the ten relaxations of the discipline is the Theravada account of its own continuity with the original community.

The council at Pataliputra under Ashoka is the Theravada foundation narrative. The Mahavamsa presents it as the purification that fixed the school own canon and sent the mission to Sri Lanka.

Recited three times, and the nearest thing Theravada has to a formula of belonging.

Astrological consultation is widespread in the lay societies of Sri Lanka, Burma and Thailand, while the monastic discipline itself forbids a monk the practice of such arts, so it surrounds the tradition without belonging to it.

Diligence is among the ten Theravada perfections.

The Visuddhimagga, composed in Pali by Buddhaghosa, is this tradition's single most authoritative post-canonical reference on doctrine and meditation.

The Theravada bhikkhuni lineage died out, and the revival begun in 1996 through Dharmaguptaka ordinations is argued against by many senior monks and is not recognised by the Thai or Burmese hierarchies. The argument is over whether a broken lineage can be restarted, not over whether women may practise.

The Theravada list of ten perfections has no place for meditative concentration as a perfection; jhana belongs to the path of concentration and is treated there rather than among the qualities a future Buddha accumulates.

Theravada does not recognise the Kashmir council. Its own fourth council is the writing down of the canon at Aluvihare, and the Kashmir assembly belongs to a school whose Abhidharma the Theravada does not accept.

Clergy or specialist role within Theravada.

The Thai forest lineage he shaped sits inside Thai Theravada and inside the Dhammayut reform ordination line.

Canonical in the Anapanasati Sutta; practised across all Buddhist schools

Anatta, that there is no permanent unchanging self, is affirmed across Buddhist schools, including this tradition.

Bhikkhu ordination under the Theravada Vinaya defines full monastic status in this tradition.

Theravada places the celibate Sangha at the centre of religious life, with the laity making merit by supporting it; ordination need not be for life, and temporary ordination for a rains season is normal in Thailand and Myanmar.

The two lawful Thai fraternities, Mahanikai and Thammayut, were fixed in law by his Act of 1902.

Dependent origination, that phenomena arise in dependence on conditions, is the central explanatory principle shared across Buddhist schools, including this tradition.

The Dhammapada sits in the Khuddaka Nikaya of the Pali Sutta Pitaka, this tradition's scripture.

Dukkha, the unsatisfactoriness of conditioned existence and the first Noble Truth, is affirmed across Buddhist schools, including this tradition.

The ordination line and the canon he is said to have imported were those of the Sinhalese Theravada reform then spreading across mainland Southeast Asia.

Haw Pha Bang is a Theravada temple on the former royal palace grounds at Luang Prabang, built to house the Phra Bang image.

The Pali canon's four jhanas, meditative absorptions, are central to this tradition's account of concentration.

Karma, action and its consequence, is affirmed as the mechanism of rebirth across Buddhist schools, including this tradition.

Burmese Theravada, in the years when Burma was under British rule and monastic authority had lost its royal patron.

Its own record states its reading of the discipline became Theravada orthodoxy.

Theravada distinguishes calm from insight and treats the second as the point, teaching a systematic observation of bodily sensation usually learned on a silent residential retreat, and presenting it as observation rather than belief.

Theravada teaches it as vipassana, the systematic noting or sweeping of bodily sensation to see impermanence directly, and it is most often learned on a silent residential retreat of about ten days.

The Milindapanha is counted canonical in the Burmese Tipitaka and stands as universally esteemed para-canonical literature elsewhere in this tradition.

Theravada grounds mindfulness in the discourse on the four foundations, body, feelings, mind and phenomena, treating it as one factor of the path rather than the whole of it and directing it toward insight into impermanence and not-self.

Nirvana, the cessation of craving and the end of rebirth, is the shared goal named across Buddhist schools, including this tradition.

Theravada practice, documented in detail for Sri Lanka.

Its own record names it specifically Theravada.

His 1788 council produced the Siamese recension of the Pali canon that later Thai editions descend from.

Samsara, the beginningless round of rebirth from which the Buddhist path seeks release, is affirmed across Buddhist schools, including this tradition.

Clergy or specialist role within Theravada.

Shinbyu is a Theravada practice, the tradition followed by the Bamar Buddhist majority of Myanmar.

Sri Dalada Maligawa is a Theravada temple administered by a lay chief custodian and two monastic chapters. The relic is an object of veneration in a living cult, not a museum holding.

The Theravada path is gradual in cultivation but its decisive moments are instantaneous: the path-consciousness at each of the four stages arises in a single mind-moment. The tradition therefore does not divide on this question in the way the East Asian schools do.

The arhat, one who has ended rebirth, is the canonical goal of this tradition's path and its four stages of awakening.

The Four Noble Truths, the Buddha's foundational diagnosis of suffering and its cure, are affirmed as the basis of the path across Buddhist schools, including this tradition.

The Jataka tales, stories of the Buddha's former births, are canonical verse literature within this tradition's Pali canon.

The Noble Eightfold Path, the fourth Noble Truth's prescribed practice, structures the path across Buddhist schools, including this tradition.

Preserved in the Theravada Pali Canon.

The thirty-one planes of existence are this tradition's own canonical map of the possible destinations of rebirth.

Going for refuge in the Buddha, Dharma and Sangha is the formula of Buddhist identity across schools, including this tradition.

The three marks, impermanence, unsatisfactoriness and non-self, are held as characteristics of all conditioned things across Buddhist schools, including this tradition.

The Therigatha, verses of the first ordained Buddhist women, sits in the Khuddaka Nikaya of this tradition's Pali canon.

The Tipitaka is held as canonical scripture specifically by the Theravada tradition, in addition to the wider Buddhism-level link already recorded.

Theravada keeps the observance day on the new, full and quarter moons, the laity going to the monastery to give food, hear teaching and take eight precepts for the day, while the monks recite the Patimokkha and confess breaches.

Theravada keeps the full moon of Vesakha as birth, awakening and passing of the Buddha in one day, observed devotionally with flowers, candles and incense, additional precepts, and acts of giving rather than festivity.

The Visuddhimagga, composed in Pali by Buddhaghosa, is this tradition's single most authoritative post-canonical reference on doctrine and meditation.

There is no intermediate state. Rebirth follows death immediately, and the Theravada commentarial tradition treats the interval as a misreading.

Non-injury is the ground of the first precept in Theravada, undertaken as a training rule rather than a commandment, and without the Jain extension to injury done unknowingly.

Theravada holds an act unwholesome by the roots it grows from, greed, hatred and delusion, rather than as an offence against a lawgiver.

Impermanence is the first of the three marks in Theravada and the premise the canonical argument for not-self proceeds from.

The bodhisatta path is present in Theravada, in the Jataka narratives and in the aspiration a minority of monks and lay people take up in Sri Lanka and Burma, but the canonical goal of the Theravada path is arahantship and the tradition does not make the bodhisatta vow general.

The wheel-turning monarch is a figure of the Pali canon itself, set beside the Buddha as the other destiny open to a great being, and the canon sets out what his rule looks like at length.

Giving is the first of the Theravada perfections and the foundation of lay practice, and the daily support of the monastic order rests on it.

The three-lifetime reading of the twelve links, spanning past, present and future existences.

Dhamma in Theravada names both the Buddha's teaching and the order of things that teaching describes, and the Pali canon is the tradition's record of it.

Nirvana as the unconditioned, entered at awakening and completed at death without remainder.

Concentration is the middle of the three divisions of the Theravada path, between virtue and wisdom, and the jhanas are its canonical measure.

The five aggregates are the Theravada analysis of a person, and the Khandha collection of the Samyutta Nikaya is where the canon works through them.

The four divine abodes are cultivated in Theravada as meditation subjects in their own right, and the commentarial tradition gives each its near and far enemy.

The Theravada canon enumerates five destinations of rebirth, the asura counted variously rather than as a settled sixth, and the tradition's fuller cosmology is the thirty-one planes. The six-realm wheel is the Tibetan and East Asian drawing of the same idea rather than the Theravada picture of it.

The six sense bases, with mind counted as the sixth, are the Theravada account of how contact and therefore all experience arise.

The Theravada list of ten perfections, headed by generosity and completed by equanimity.

The three realms of desire, form and the formless are the standing frame of Theravada cosmology and the vertical axis on which the thirty-one planes are arranged.

Bangkok is the administrative center of the Thai Theravada sangha.