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The Great Mosque of Kairouan

Also Known As Great Mosque of Kairouan
Islamic Sites

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Origin Founded with the city in 670 CE

The oldest major mosque in North Africa and the model from which much of the architecture of the western Islamic world descends. It was founded by the Arab general Uqba ibn Nafi in 670 CE at the founding of Kairouan itself, and rebuilt into essentially its present form by the Aghlabid emir Ziyadat Allah I from 836. Its square, tiered minaret is generally held to be the oldest minaret still standing anywhere, and the prototype for the minaret form across North Africa and Iberia. The vast hypostyle prayer hall rests on columns quarried from Roman and Byzantine ruins, so that the building is quite literally assembled from the province it replaced.

Facts
Geography
Latitude
35.7 degrees north 2
Approximate reference point, rounded to one decimal place; this marks the site's general location for a map, not a survey-grade or precise boundary measurement.
Longitude
10.1 degrees east 2
Approximate reference point, rounded to one decimal place; this marks the site's general location for a map, not a survey-grade or precise boundary measurement.
Origins
Origin Period
Founded with the city in 670 CE 1
Origin Period
The standing mosque is largely of the 9th century 1
Country
Tunisia 1
Region
North Africa 1
Attributions
Tradition
Islamic 1
Site
Type of Site
Mosque 1
Type of Site Detail
Congregational mosque at Kairouan built around a vast colonnaded courtyard, its hypostyle prayer hall, tiered minaret and Aghlabid-era mihrab and minbar together forming the architectural template later mosque-building in the Maghreb and al-Andalus followed. 2
Status
Status Today
In active religious use 1
UNESCO World Heritage
Inscribed on the World Heritage List 3
Inscribed 1988 within Kairouan
Location
Location of The Great Mosque of Kairouan Afghanistan Albania Algeria Angola Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Benin Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cabo Verde Cambodia Cameroon Canada Chile China Colombia Costa Rica Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Democratic Republic of the Congo Denmark Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Estonia Eswatini Ethiopia Federated States of Micronesia Fiji Finland France French Polynesia Gabon Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Guam Guatemala Haiti Honduras Hong Kong Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Ivory Coast Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kuwait Laos Latvia Lebanon Libya Lithuania Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Mali Malta Mauritius Mexico Moldova Mongolia Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Nigeria North Macedonia Norway Oman Pakistan Palestine Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Puerto Rico Qatar Romania Russia Rwanda Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Solomon Islands South Africa South Korea South Sudan Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname Sweden Switzerland Syria Taiwan Tanzania Thailand Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Vatican City Venezuela Vietnam Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe
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The Mosque That Fathered the Architecture of the West

The Great Mosque of Kairouan in Tunisia is the oldest major mosque in North Africa and the model from which much of the religious architecture of the western Islamic world descends.

Founding and rebuilding

Kairouan was founded as a garrison city by the Arab general Uqba ibn Nafi around 670 CE during the Muslim conquest of North Africa, and the mosque was founded with it. The building was reconstructed into essentially its present form under the Aghlabid emir Ziyadat Allah I from 836. Kairouan became the first great centre of Islam in the Maghrib and a seat of Maliki legal scholarship, and it acquired such prestige that it was sometimes counted among the holy cities, with a tradition holding repeated pilgrimage to it as of great merit.

The building

The mosque is a vast hypostyle hall opening onto an arcaded courtyard, its prayer hall carried on columns quarried from the Roman and Byzantine ruins of the province, so that the building is literally assembled from the civilisation it succeeded. Its massive square, tiered minaret is generally held to be the oldest minaret still standing anywhere and the prototype of the minaret form across North Africa and Muslim Spain. The mihrab, with its ninth-century lustre tiles and carved marble, is among the oldest and most celebrated in the Islamic world.

Living monument

The Great Mosque remains an active place of worship at the centre of the old city of Kairouan, and the city and its monuments are a World Heritage site. Its influence radiates well beyond Tunisia: the plan, the minaret and the decorative vocabulary set here were carried across the Maghrib and into Iberia, shaping mosque architecture over a wide region for centuries.

Columns with a Previous Life

Kairouan's mosque was partly assembled from other people's ruined buildings, and its minaret may be the oldest one still standing anywhere.

Columns with a previous life

The mosque's prayer hall is supported by a large number of reused spolia columns, capitals taken from earlier Roman and Byzantine structures across the region, no two entirely alike, a common practice in early Islamic architecture that here produced a forest of mismatched supports unified by the hall's roofline above them. The square minaret, built or substantially rebuilt in the eighth century, is widely cited as the oldest surviving minaret in the Islamic world, though the claim depends on how continuously rebuilt structures elsewhere are counted.

A founding legend involving buried gold

Tradition credits the Arab general Uqba ibn Nafi with founding both the city and its mosque in the seventh century, and local legend holds that a spring and a golden cup, previously lost, were miraculously revealed at the site he chose, linking the mosque's location to a story of divine confirmation rather than ordinary military convenience.

A ranking some claim, not all accept

Some traditions and local claims describe Kairouan's mosque as ranking fourth in sanctity within Islam after Mecca, Medina and Jerusalem, an honorific status promoted particularly within North African tradition rather than a designation universally recognised across the wider Muslim world.

Cross-Tradition Connections

Associated With

Kairouan, Cities

Its Great Mosque, rebuilt in the ninth century, is among the oldest surviving mosques in the world.

Source Encyclopaedia Britannica (online academic reference)Encyclopaedia Britannica editors
Source The Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd editionP. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W. P. Heinrichs (eds.)

Belongs to Tradition

Islam, Religions
Sunni, Denominations
Source The Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd editionP. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W. P. Heinrichs (eds.)

Contained In

Element Of

Kairouan was the seat from which Maliki law spread across North Africa, and Sahnun compiled the Mudawwana there.

Source The Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd editionP. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W. P. Heinrichs (eds.)
Sources
1. The Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edition
P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W. P. Heinrichs (eds.), Brill, 2005from the site's own catalogue recordView the Source
2. Encyclopaedia Britannica (online academic reference)
Encyclopaedia Britannica editors, Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc., 2024View the Source
3. UNESCO World Heritage List
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, UNESCO World Heritage CentreView the Source
The Venture of Islam, Volume 1: The Classical Age of Islam
Marshall G. S. Hodgson, University of Chicago Press, 1974On the Muslim conquest of the Maghrib and Kairouan
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