Sunni

The four Sunni legal schools and the great hadith collections took shape in this period, and the failure of the mihna left doctrine with the scholars.

A Naqshbandi Sufi within the Sunni tradition, writing theology as readily as verse.

This source names Sunni directly: "in settling the uncreated position as Sunni doctrine."

This source names Sunni directly: "eleventh century text, is the standard Sunni statement of the caliphal office, written after the Abbasid caliphs had already lost effective political power."

This source names Sunni directly: "particulars from the other major Sunni legal schools, a distinction worth keeping clear whenever al-Hidaya is cited for a point of Islamic law generally rather than Hanafi law specifically."

This source names Sunni directly: "recording the positions of the other Sunni legal schools on the questions it treats rather than arguing for Hanbali positions alone."

This source names Sunni directly: "the founder of one of the four major Sunni schools of law, making it a foundational text for Maliki jurisprudence specifically."

This source names Sunni directly: "jurisprudence, one of the four major Sunni legal schools, and survives today in several distinct manuscript recensions transmitted by different students of Malik, which differ from one another in..."

This source names Sunni directly: "work from which the Shafii school of Sunni jurisprudence takes its name."

The message names the four Sunni schools of law among the eight it recognises as valid.

This source names Sunni directly: "reference entry on the Ashariyyah, the Sunni school of theology founded by Abu al-Hasan al-Ashari that mediated between Mutazili rationalism and traditionist anthropomorphism."

This source names Sunni directly: "rather than an observed crescent. Sunni tradition keeps the day as a voluntary fast believed to expiate the past year's sins, following a report that Muhammad adopted the practice from a Jewish fast."

This source names Sunni directly: "to unify oversight of the kingdom's Sunni and Jaafari waqf endowments."

This source names Sunni directly: "After the Arab conquest, Balkh became a major center of Sunni Islamic scholarship and Sufism, traditionally cited as the ancestral home region of the family of the poet Jalal ad-Din Rumi, whose..."

This source names Sunni directly: "book is her academic study of how Sunni jurisprudence on ritual purity, ghusl, wudu and tayammum, actually developed historically within the classical legal tradition, tracing the formation of these..."

This source names Sunni directly: "Mainstream Sunni fiqh's own standing position, not scholarship about the hadith's historical origin."

This source names Sunni directly: "from within a specific tradition of Sunni jurisprudence, and this record states his positions here as his own stated fiqh rather than as a settled, universally accepted ruling."

This source names Sunni directly: "of acquisition, shaped mainstream Sunni theology."

This source names Sunni directly: "succession dispute and the competing Sunni and Shia theories of religious authority through named historical texts and debates rather than presenting one theory of Islamic governance as uncontested."

This source names Sunni directly: "A traditional Sunni educational platform's survey of how the classical schools address homosexual acts: the Shafi'i, Hanbali and most Maliki authorities treat it under or analogous to the hadd..."

This source names Sunni directly: "answer 20738 states the classical Sunni ruling on mut'ah (temporary marriage): "Temporary marriage..."

This source names Sunni directly: "Malay and Arab merchants, with the Sunni scholar Shaykh Makhdum Karim reaching the Sulu Archipelago and Jolo in 1380 and the Minangkabau prince Rajah Baguinda following in 1390; not the right source..."

This source names Sunni directly: "Southeast Asian archipelago when the Sunni scholar Shaykh Makhdum Karim reached the Sulu Archipelago and Jolo in 1380 and began establishing Islam through trade contacts across several islands; a..."

This source names Sunni directly: "Islamic creedal texts spanning Sunni, Shia and other theological schools, with critical introduction addressing doctrinal positions such as the createdness of the Quran and human free will directly..."

This source names Sunni directly: "edition, is one of the six canonical Sunni hadith collections and is the primary textual source for the enumerated list of the ninety nine names of God as a fixed set."

This source names Sunni directly: "documented differences among the four Sunni schools of law on the punishment for male homosexual acts: Hanbalites "insist on capital punishment..."

This source names Sunni directly: "estimating the split within it between Sunni (87 to 90 percent) and Shia (10 to 13 percent, 154 million to 200 million people, most concentrated in Iran, Pakistan, India and Iraq)."

This source names Sunni directly: "on the twelfth of Rabi al Awwal by the Sunni reckoning it records, while many Shia communities keep it on the seventeenth instead, a date that also carries the birth of the sixth Imam."

This source names Sunni directly: "A Sunni fatwa reference site's answer on polygyny, quoting Qur'an 4:3 permitting up to four wives at one time and 4:129 on the impossibility of perfect emotional justice between them, and stating..."

This source names Sunni directly: "is the Turkish state authority over Sunni Islamic affairs, established on 3 May 1924 by the new Turkish Republic under Mustafa Kemal Ataturk as a successor to the abolished Ottoman office of Sheikh..."

This source names Sunni directly: "the actual disputes between the Sunni legal schools over analogical reasoning and the other secondary sources of law, naming the specific points of disagreement between the schools rather than..."

This source names Sunni directly: "specific grounds on which mainstream Sunni scholarship has objected to them."

Sunni tradition names these four the rightly guided caliphs and treats their sequence as legitimate.

This source names Sunni directly: "broadcaster, reporting the Sunni scholarly and clerical response to the film's release, including Egypt's Al-Azhar University and Saudi Arabia's Grand Mufti."

This source names Sunni directly: "Muslim is one of the six canonical Sunni hadith collections, a primary record of sayings and actions attributed to the Prophet Muhammad compiled and authenticated through the tradition's own isnad..."

This source names Sunni directly: "explaining before he can explain it. Sunni, Shia and Ibadi scholarship each developed distinct exegetical schools and canons of preferred commentaries, so tafsir names a method and a genre rather..."

This source names Sunni directly: "the validity of the recognized Sunni and Shia legal schools and named Sufi orders, and this atlas carries it as a custodian source since the issuing institute is documenting its own consensus..."

This source names Sunni directly: "how Islamic legal methodology and the Sunni madhabs actually became canonized, working from the historical record of hadith collection, ijma and qiyas as institutions developed rather than treating..."

This source names Sunni directly: "and doctrinal facts across Sunni, Shia and other Islamic traditions; it documents what is known and taught, not a ruling on theological truth."

This source names Sunni directly: "process by which the classical Sunni schools of jurisprudence, such as the Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i and Hanbali schools, actually formed and consolidated between the ninth and tenth centuries..."

This source names Sunni directly: "works comparatively across the major Sunni and Shia legal schools, documenting where their teaching on death, the afterlife and burial ritual actually converges and where it diverges rather than..."

This source names Sunni directly: "content, so a claim about what any one Sunni legal school actually taught needs a source focused on that school's own jurisprudence rather than this institutional history."

This source names Sunni directly: "Vali Nasr's account of the modern Sunni-Shia divide and its political consequences across the Middle East, published by W.W."

This source names Sunni directly: "after Muhammad's death that led to the Sunni-Shia division, working from the earliest surviving Arabic historical and biographical sources."

This source names Sunni Islam directly: "today follow the Hanafi school of Sunni Islam."

This source names Sunni directly: "showing that categories like Alevi and Sunni were actively shaped by political and academic processes over time, rather than assuming the categories are timeless and self evident."

One of the two theological schools taught across most of the Sunni world.

A revivalist movement within Sunni Islam.

Sunni Islam rejects the doctrine that leadership was divinely reserved to Ali's line, holding instead that the community itself selects and may remove its leader, formalized as the caliphate.

Sunni Islam does not receive Al-Istibsar as scripture. It is the last completed of the Four Books that Twelver Shia jurisprudence treats as canonical, built by Shaykh al-Tusi specifically to set contradictory hadith side by side and argue toward a resolution, but Sunni law draws its hadith from the separate six book collection it calls the Kutub al-Sittah, and gives Al-Istibsar no legal or doctrinal standing.

Sunni Islam does not receive Kitab al-Kafi as scripture. It is the earliest and largest of the Four Books that Twelver Shia jurisprudence treats as canonical, compiled by Muhammad ibn Yaqub al-Kulayni across some twenty years in Baghdad, but Sunni law looks instead to the six collections it calls the Kutub al-Sittah, foremost Sahih al-Bukhari and Sahih Muslim, and gives Kitab al-Kafi no standing at all.

Sunni Islam does not receive Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih as scripture. It is one of the Four Books that Twelver Shia jurisprudence treats as canonical, written by Ibn Babawayh al-Qummi as a practical legal reference for a believer with no jurist at hand, but Sunni law draws its hadith from the separate six book collection it calls the Kutub al-Sittah, and gives Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih no standing at all.

Sunni Islam does not receive Tahdhib al-Ahkam as scripture. It is one of the Four Books that Twelver Shia jurisprudence treats as canonical, grown out of Shaykh al-Tusi's line by line commentary on an earlier legal work, but Sunni law draws its hadith from the six collections known as the Kutub al-Sittah, foremost Sahih al-Bukhari and Sahih Muslim, and gives Tahdhib al-Ahkam no legal or doctrinal standing.

Counted and recited as a devotion, and the ninety-nine are the frame in which most Sunni theology of the divine attributes is taught.

Called from the mosque before each of the five daily prayers, in the wording the four Sunni schools hold in common.

Chips of agarwood burned on charcoal perfume the mosque and the house on Fridays and at festivals across the Arab and Malay worlds, and guests are censed with it on arrival.

Belief in the angels is one of the articles of faith in Sunni teaching, named in the Quran alongside belief in God, his books and his messengers.

Said before eating, writing, entering and slaughtering, and standing at the head of all but one chapter of the Quran.

The stone is kissed or saluted at each circuit of the sanctuary. The rite is performed and the caliph Umar's remark that it can neither harm nor benefit is quoted as part of it.

The mantle kept at Topkapi belonged to the Ottoman imperial collection, and reverence for it is a custom of particular communities rather than an obligation of the religion.

Sunni Islam holds that the community chose Abu Bakr rightly and that the first four caliphs were rightly guided. The office was the successor to the Prophet in rule, never in prophecy, and it was abolished in 1924.

Classical Sunni theory makes the office contractual: the caliph is chosen by those qualified to choose and receives the pledge of allegiance, and the first four successors are held to have been rightly guided.

The fast is broken on dates and water on the prophetic example, which is why the fruit appears on every table at sunset in Ramadan.

The jinn are Quranic creatures with free will, and Iblis is named among them, so an account of them belongs to Sunni doctrine rather than to folklore.

The jurist trained in the derivation and application of the law, and the scholarly class from which muftis and qadis are drawn.

Jibril is the angel of the revelation in Sunni teaching, the bearer of the Quran to Muhammad, and the Quran names him directly.

One who has memorised the whole Quran, honoured across Sunni Islam and often the person who leads the long night prayers of Ramadan.

The reading printed in the great majority of copies and heard across most of the Muslim world.

The building was converted to a mosque after the fall of Constantinople in 1453, made a museum in 1935, and restored to use as a mosque in 2020.

The covering of the hair is taken by the Sunni schools as an obligation for an adult woman before those she may marry, read from the verses on drawing the covering over the bosom and on the outer garment.

Two unstitched white cloths for a man and ordinary modest dress for a woman, entered at the boundary stations and worn until the rites of the pilgrimage are finished.

In Sunni usage the imam leads the prayer. Any competent adult male may do it, the position carries no ordination and no doctrinal authority, and a mosque imam holds it as employment.

Called immediately before the congregation stands, and distinguished from the first call by the line announcing that the prayer has now begun.

Recited after the prayers and at the close of gatherings as a running remembrance.

The khatib delivers the Friday sermon, which is part of the prayer rather than an address beside it, and in classical practice naming the ruler in it was an act of political recognition.

The endowed college with a chair in one school of law is a Sunni institution in origin, and each of the four schools built its own.

The melodic modes a trained reciter draws on come from the wider art music of the region and are not part of the science of recitation itself.

The sanctuary at Mecca and the house at its centre are the direction of prayer for all Muslims and the destination of the pilgrimage required once of those able to make it.

Mikail is one of the two angels the Quran names alongside Jibril in the passage warning whoever is an enemy of God and his angels, and he is counted among the angels closest to God.

Beads of thirty three or ninety nine used for the remembrance after prayer, counting the formulas of praise.

The muezzin calls the prayer five times a day, and the office needs a clear voice and a knowledge of the times rather than any qualification in law.

The mufti issues reasoned legal opinions in answer to questions put to him, and the fatwa binds nobody; its weight is the weight of its reasoning and its author standing.

The mat marks out clean ground for the prayer and is a convenience rather than a requirement, since any clean surface will serve.

The qadi is a judge appointed by the ruler, and his judgment is enforceable, which is the difference between the qadi and the mufti.

The single-judge court applying the law of one of the four schools is the classical Sunni judicial institution.

The trained reciter, skilled in the rules of articulation, and the recitation is a formal discipline with its own certification.

Recited at mawlid gatherings and at funerals rather than in the prayer, and copied and commented more than any Arabic poem after the Quran.

Finding the direction of prayer is a practical obligation, and the compass is the portable form of a problem Muslim astronomers solved for cities first.

The folding stand holds the Quran above the ground while it is read, part of the general care that the book is not set down carelessly.

Said whenever the Prophet is named, on the ground of the Quranic verse instructing believers to bless him.

Two clauses, the second naming Muhammad as messenger, and its sincere utterance before witnesses makes a person Muslim.

Sheikh is used broadly of scholars and of elders, and carries respect rather than a defined jurisdiction.

Consultation is grounded in the Quran and its classical application was the selection of a ruler, though the jurists did not build a standing institution on it.

The swords in the Topkapi collection are held as historical objects of the sacred trusts, shown to visitors under continuous recitation of the Quran.

Tafsir al-Tabari, among the earliest and most influential comprehensive Quranic commentaries, is a foundational reference work in Sunni Islam.

The commentary is among the most widely read in the Sunni world, valued for keeping close to the transmitted reports and for its accessibility.

The ordinary response to good news, to recovery, to a meal finished and to a sneeze.

The rules of articulation are held to be part of how the Quran is transmitted rather than an ornament on it, and reciting without them is treated as a fault.

Said at the start of the prayer and at every change of posture within it, at the festivals and at the sighting of the new moon.

The short rounded cap worn for prayer and often through the day, under a larger headcloth where one is used.

The slow measured pace the Quran itself instructs reciters toward, and the one taught first.

Thirty-three times after each obligatory prayer, with the praise and the magnification completing the sequence.

The Amman Message and the conference that endorsed it defined who is a Muslim by naming the recognised schools of law and forbidding the excommunication of any of them, and the Sunni scholars who signed it are drawn from all four of its schools.

The Ibrahimi mosque, held as the burial place of Abraham. Since 1994 the building has been physically divided between Muslim and Jewish worshippers, with each admitted to the other portion on a small number of days a year.

The document setting the terms on which the emigrants, the people of Medina and the Jewish clans formed one community is received as the Prophet's own act and is read as the first constitution of the Muslim polity.

The dome over the rock and the congregational mosque at the southern end of the sanctuary are the two principal buildings on it.

Muslim organisations in Spain have repeatedly asked for permission to pray in the building and the diocese has refused, so the connection is historical and contested rather than current and liturgical.

The pact's terms shaped the legal standing of non-Muslim communities for centuries, though the surviving text is later than the caliph it is attributed to and the ascription is not settled.

The mosque built around the Prophet's house and burial place is the second holiest site in Islam, and the cemetery beside it holds many of the earliest Muslims.

Seven systems recognised as canonical after the number was fixed in the tenth century, all of them held to be equally the Quran rather than variants of it.

The noble sanctuary is the third holiest site in Islam, the first direction of prayer and the place from which the night journey is held to have begun. The Jerusalem Islamic waqf administers it.

The message recognised eight schools of law and theology as valid Islam and forbade declaring the followers of any of them apostate.

The perpetual endowment built and maintained almost every mosque, college, hospital and fountain in the pre-modern Sunni world, entirely outside the state budget.

Water from the well at the sanctuary is drunk on pilgrimage and carried home, and its distribution is administered as part of the rites.

Sunni scholarship has disputed the ascription of the collection to Ali since it appeared, holding on stylistic grounds that much of it belongs to the fourth Islamic century rather than the first.

Sunni authorities answered that no jurist has jurisdiction over a person outside his own following and that no sentence of death can be pronounced without a court, so the ruling was widely refused even by those who condemned the book.

Sunni jurisprudence separated the calculation of the heavens, which the prayer times and the calendar require, from judgement by the stars, which the jurists condemned, so the science was kept while the divination was refused.

The building is known to Muslims as the mosque of Bilal ibn Rabah and stands beside a Muslim cemetery, and Muslim access ended when the site was enclosed on the Israeli side of the separation barrier.

An afterlife of resurrection, judgement and eternal reward or punishment is affirmed doctrine in Sunni Islam.

A Hanafi school text and an early landmark in Sunni creed writing.

A Sunni creed of the Hanafi school, received well beyond it.

The Council speaks from within Sunni jurisprudence as read in Saudi Arabia.

The Council works within the Sunni schools of law.

The custodial claim is made within Sunni Islam and answers to a constituency far wider than the kingdom.

Muhammad is affirmed as the last of God's prophets, closing the line of prophecy, in Sunni Islam.

A Sunni mosque built after the 1669 demolition of an earlier temple on the adjoining site.

Hadith are affirmed as a source of law and doctrine second only to the Quran in Sunni Islam, embodied in the Sunni six-book canon, the Kutub al-Sittah.

In Sunni Islam an imam is the person who leads congregational prayer, an appointed function rather than a claim of divinely guided succession from the Prophet.

Iman, faith defined by belief in God, His angels, His books, His messengers, the Last Day and divine decree, is foundational to Sunni Islam.

Jami at-Tirmidhi is one of the six canonical hadith collections, the Kutub al-Sittah, recognized in Sunni Islam.

Jihad, striving in the way of God in both its spiritual and, where justly declared, military senses, is affirmed doctrine in Sunni Islam.

The Maliki school is one of the four Sunni schools of law, and it predominates in North and West Africa.

The muezzin gives the call to prayer in Sunni mosques.

A mufti issues fatwas, non-binding legal opinions on questions of Islamic law, a Sunni juristic office historically distinct from a court's qadi.

Mullah is a widely used title for a local Sunni religious teacher or cleric across Persian, Turkic and South Asian Islam.

The historic mosque of Beijing's Hui Muslim community, in continuous use since the tenth century.

Sunni theology, in its dominant Ashari and Maturidi forms, affirms both God's prior decree and human acquisition, kasb, of responsibility for acts, a middle position between compulsion and unconstrained free will.

Prophecy, culminating in Muhammad, is affirmed as the mode of divine revelation in Sunni Islam.

A qadi is a judge applying Sharia in a Sunni court, appointed by the ruling authority.

Qiyamah, the resurrection and the Last Judgement, is one of the six articles of faith affirmed in Sunni Islam.

Held to be the first mosque built after the migration to Medina.

Sahih al-Bukhari, generally regarded as the most authoritative of the six, is one of the six canonical hadith collections, the Kutub al-Sittah, recognized in Sunni Islam.

Sahih Muslim, ranked alongside Sahih al-Bukhari as the two most authoritative collections, is one of the six canonical hadith collections, the Kutub al-Sittah, recognized in Sunni Islam.

Sharia, the body of religious law derived from the Quran and Sunnah, is affirmed as binding in Sunni Islam.

Shirk, associating partners with God, is rejected as the gravest sin in Sunni Islam.

Sunan Abu Dawud is one of the six canonical hadith collections, the Kutub al-Sittah, recognized in Sunni Islam.

Sunan an-Nasa'i is one of the six canonical hadith collections, the Kutub al-Sittah, recognized in Sunni Islam.

Sunan Ibn Majah is one of the six canonical hadith collections, the Kutub al-Sittah, recognized in Sunni Islam, though its place in the six was historically debated in favor of alternative candidates.

Tafsir al-Tabari, among the earliest and most influential comprehensive Quranic commentaries, is a foundational reference work in Sunni Islam.

The congregational form in Ramadan is Sunni. The four schools as they settled recommend twenty units; eight plus witr is a minority position now widespread in Salafi-influenced practice.

Tawhid, the absolute oneness of God, is the foundational doctrine of Sunni Islam as of every Islamic tradition.

Sunni practice is the reference form: the declaration, five daily prayers, zakat reckoned at a fortieth of qualifying wealth, the Ramadan fast, and hajj once for those able, with the detail of each set out by the Hanafi, Maliki, Shafii and Hanbali schools.

Sunni Islam awaits a Mahdi who will appear before the end of the age to restore justice, a figure distinct from the Twelver Shia identification of the Mahdi with a specific hidden Imam.

The hadith's own transmission and canonical setting.

The film's own opening credits name specific approval from the University of Al-Azhar in Cairo, the foremost seat of Sunni religious learning, for the accuracy and fidelity of its depiction, a named institutional endorsement rather than a passing reference to the tradition.

Built as a mosque, in use as a cathedral since 1236, and the subject of a continuing argument about the two.

The Quran, held to be the literal and uncreated word of God revealed to Muhammad, is canonical scripture across every branch of Islam, including this tradition.

Sunni theology in its Ashari form denies that God is bound by a standard of justice independent of His command, which is the Mutazili and Twelver premise the doctrine states.

Sunni Islam denies that any figure after the prophets is protected from sin and error, and with it the ground on which the Imams' reported sayings would be a source of law.

Sunni theology holds the Quran to be God's uncreated speech, an eternal attribute rather than a created thing, and the createdness thesis was the position the caliphal inquisition failed to impose.

Sunni Islam holds that the line of Imams the doctrine presupposes never existed, so there is no twelfth Imam in concealment and no return to await from him.

The punishment of the grave, and its ease for the righteous, is affirmed in Sunni Islam on the hadith and is named in the standard creeds.

Barakah is affirmed in Sunni Islam as blessing God places in persons, places, objects and times, and the veneration of the friends of God at their tombs rests on it.

Barzakh, the barrier between death and the resurrection, is affirmed in Sunni Islam as a real state and not a figure of speech.

The category of bidah is affirmed in Sunni Islam, and the school divides on whether innovation admits a good kind: much Shafii and Maliki scholarship holds that it does, and Hanbali and Salafi scholarship that it does not.

One hundred and twenty days, the majority ruling of the classical Sunni jurists, with a minority placing ensoulment at forty.

The questioning of the dead by two angels after burial is affirmed in Sunni Islam on the hadith.

Fitra, the innate disposition every child is born with, is affirmed in Sunni Islam, and with it the position that there is no inherited guilt to be removed.

The forbidden category is affirmed in Sunni law as the strongest of the five rulings, and its boundaries are set by the texts and by the school's reasoning from them.

Haya, modesty and restraint in speech, conduct and dress, is affirmed in Sunni Islam as a branch of faith on the hadith.

Ihsan, to worship God as though you see Him, is the third term of the hadith of Gabriel alongside islam and iman, and Sunni theology takes all three as one definition of religion.

The ijazah, a named teacher's licence to transmit a named text or recitation, is the Sunni instrument of scholarly authority and the backbone of the hadith and Quran transmission systems.

The consensus of the qualified is binding in Sunni legal theory, and each school defines whose agreement counts.

Taqlid as a necessary discipline: the ordinary believer and the ordinary scholar follow an established school rather than deriving rulings afresh.

Faith increases and decreases with works, and the grave sinner remains a believer. The mainstream Sunni settlement between the Kharijite and Murjiite extremes.

The division into grave and lesser sins is affirmed in Sunni Islam on the Quran's undertaking that avoiding the grave ones covers the rest.

Kaffara, a defined act of expiation for a particular fault, is affirmed in Sunni law as discharging a liability rather than as an account of salvation.

Kasb, acquisition, is the Sunni answer to how a person can be answerable for an act God creates, and is held in the Ashari and Maturidi forms that dominate Sunni theology.

The mahdi, expected at the end of time and not yet born, held widely though not as a required article.

The mizan, the weighing of deeds at the judgement, is affirmed in Sunni Islam, held without specifying whether the scales are literal.

Analogy is the fourth root in all four Sunni schools, and the instrument by which a settled case reaches an unsettled one through the reason behind the ruling.

Sabr, endurance under obedience, temptation and affliction alike, is affirmed in Sunni Islam as the virtue the Quran names most often.

Shukr, gratitude that recognises the giver in the gift, is affirmed in Sunni Islam as the counterpart of sabr and a condition of increase.

The sirat, the bridge over the fire that all must cross, is affirmed in Sunni Islam on the hadith, and held without specifying its manner.

Takfir is admitted in Sunni scholarship as a judgement of last resort, hedged by the rule that a professed Muslim is not to be declared an unbeliever while any reading of his words remains that keeps him inside.

Taqwa is affirmed in Sunni Islam as the Quran's own measure of human worth, above lineage and above station.

Tawakkul is affirmed in Sunni Islam as reliance on God that does not excuse the neglect of practical means, the reading carried in the report of tying the camel first.

Tawbah is affirmed in Sunni Islam as a turning back that God accepts before death, and that requires restitution where a human being has been wronged.

The five rulings, from obligatory to forbidden, are the standard Sunni classification of acts; the Hanafi school works with seven by splitting the obligatory and the forbidden.

Sunni legal theory takes the Quran and the Sunna as the first two roots and adds consensus and analogy, with the schools differing on what follows.

All four Sunni schools hold nikah mut'ah abrogated, citing hadith attributing the prohibition to the Prophet himself at Khaybar.

Its arguments set the terms that Sunni kalam, and the Ashari school in particular, were formed to answer.

The caliphate was a Sunni institution, and its abolition left the question of universal authority open.

The Sunni position, that the community and its consensus carry authority, also takes shape in the aftermath.

The Abbasid Caliphate, based in Baghdad, was Sunni Islam's central political and religious institution.