Divinity Atlas

Sacred Correspondences
Religious Orders

Bektashi Order

Also Known As Bektashiyya The Arabic and Turkish form of the order name. · Bektashi The usual short form, as in Bektashi lodges in Albania and Anatolia.

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Origin from 1209

A heterodox Sufi order tracing its teaching to Haji Bektash Veli, a wandering Anatolian holy man traditionally dated to the thirteenth century, that blends reverence for the Twelve Imams and Ali ibn Abi Talib with Anatolian folk practice not shared by mainstream Sunni or Twelver Shia Islam. It became the informal religious order of the Ottoman Janissary corps and was suppressed alongside it in 1826, banned again with every Turkish Sufi order in 1925, and today has its World Headquarters in Tirana, Albania, where it survives as a living order with a substantial following.

Facts
Origins
Origin Period
from 1209 1
The traditionally cited birth year of Haji Bektash Veli; some scholars regard both his dates as uncertain given the limited contemporary documentation.
Origin Period
to 1271 1
The traditionally cited death year of Haji Bektash Veli.
Origin Period
Life of Haji Bektash Veli, traditionally dated to the thirteenth century; sources disagree on exact years 2
Place of Origin
Near present day Hacibektas, central Anatolia, Turkey 2
Founder
Haji Bektash Veli, a Khorasan-born holy man who settled in central Anatolia; dates contested between sources 2
Origin of the Name
Named for Haji Bektash Veli; the order was organised by followers after his death rather than by him directly 2
Practice
Liturgical Language
The vernacular 1
Turkish, kept as the order's distinguishing liturgical vernacular against the classical Arabic used by most tariqas, though its ritual texts also carry Arabic and Persian material.
Status
Status Today
Living tradition, practised today 3 4
A living order with a substantial following, strongest today in Albania and among Alevi communities in Turkey and the Balkans
Cultural Restriction
Restricted Tradition
The Bektashi order discloses its teaching progressively through grades of initiation, from the aspirant through the initiated muhib and dervish to the baba, and its ceremonies, held in the closed gathering called the ayin-i cem, are open only to the initiated. The order's history, its public place in Ottoman and Balkan life and its openly discussed doctrines are described from published scholarship, and the atlas does not reproduce the content reserved to its grades. 2
Belief
Defining Doctrinal Position
An interior path (tasawwuf) pursued within the schools of law 2
Reveres the Twelve Imams and Ali alongside practices scholars trace to older Anatolian folk and Christian custom, distinct from mainstream Sunni and Twelver Shia practice
Defining Doctrinal Position
Belief may be concealed where disclosure would bring harm (taqiyya) 1
Organisation
Governance
A single central governing body over the whole movement 3
A World Headquarters (Kryegjyshata Boterore Bektashiane) has led the order from Tirana, Albania since the twentieth century
Ordination
Authority conferred by initiation rather than by ordination 2
Observance
Observance Note
Initiates historically wore the teslim tasi, a twelve-faceted stone pendant read as a sign of submission and of the Twelve Imams 2
Learn More
Haji Bektash Veli and a Contested Chronology

Little about Haji Bektash Veli's life is settled among historians, and the order that bears his name has always been comfortable with that uncertainty in a way few others are. Tradition holds that he was born in Khorasan, in the eastern Islamic world, and travelled west into Anatolia in a period of upheaval following the Mongol conquests, settling eventually near the town later renamed Hacibektas in his memory.

There he gathered followers among a population still only recently and unevenly Islamized, in a countryside where older Anatolian folk custom and residual Christian practice remained close beneath the surface of everyday religious life, and his teaching is remembered as unusually tolerant of that mixture rather than opposed to it.

Sources disagree sharply on when he lived and died, with proposed dates for his death ranging across more than half a century, and the order itself did not take organized shape during his own lifetime. It was assembled afterward by followers who built a devotional structure around his tomb and his memory, incorporating reverence for Ali ibn Abi Talib and the Twelve Imams recognized in Twelver Shia Islam alongside distinctly Anatolian devotional forms, a combination that has led scholars to describe Bektashism as one of the most syncretic bodies within the wider Sufi tradition, neither straightforwardly Sunni nor straightforwardly Shia in its practice.

Between the Janissary Barracks and Tirana

From at least the sixteenth century the Bektashi order became closely bound to an institution far from any dervish lodge: the Ottoman Janissary corps, the sultan's elite infantry, whose soldiers widely adopted Bektashi affiliation as an informal regimental faith. The relationship gave the order unusual reach into Ottoman military and political life, but it also tied the order's fortunes to the corps' own, a link that proved fatal to both in 1826.

When Sultan Mahmud II moved to abolish the Janissaries by force that year, in what Ottoman history remembers as the Auspicious Incident, the Bektashi order was suppressed in the same sweep, its lodges closed and its property confiscated as a suspected source of the corps' resistance to reform.

The order recovered across the following century only to be banned again, along with every other Sufi order in the country, under the Turkish Republic's secularizing reforms of 1925.

Albania, where Bektashism had put down deep roots under Ottoman rule and where it remains one of the country's recognized religious communities, became the order's effective centre of gravity outside Turkey, though communist Albania suppressed all religion between 1967 and 1990 in turn. Since the fall of that government the order has operated openly from Tirana, where its World Headquarters, the Kryegjyshata Boterore Bektashiane, now leads a following spread across Albania, Turkey's Alevi communities and the wider Balkans, still marked by initiates' traditional teslim tasi pendant and by the order's long standing distance from strict Sunni orthodoxy.

Sources Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire 1300-1923Caroline Finkel with Sufism: A Global HistoryNile Green

Cross-Tradition Connections

Belongs to Tradition

Islam, Religions

Branch Of

Sufism, Denominations

One of the major tariqas of Sufism.

Source The Sufi Orders in IslamJ. Spencer Trimingham

Founded By

The Bektashi Order traces its teaching to Haji Bektash Veli, a wandering Anatolian holy man traditionally dated to the thirteenth century, though the order was organized into lasting form only later, by Balim Sultan.

Source The Sufi Orders in IslamJ. Spencer Trimingham

Holds Element

Bayah, Rituals
Source The Sufi Orders in IslamJ. Spencer Trimingham

The Bektashi order was the order of the Janissary corps, and its fortunes fell with theirs when the corps was destroyed in 1826.

Source Sufism: A Global HistoryNile Green
Source The Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd editionP. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W. P. Heinrichs (eds.)
Source The Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd editionP. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W. P. Heinrichs (eds.)
Ghadab (Wrath), Vices
Source Mystical Dimensions of IslamAnnemarie Schimmel
Hasad (Envy), Vices
Source Mystical Dimensions of IslamAnnemarie Schimmel
Source Mystical Dimensions of IslamAnnemarie Schimmel
Source Mystical Dimensions of IslamAnnemarie Schimmel
Istighfar, Mantras
Itikaf, Practices
Source Sufi Martyrs of Love: The Chishti Order in South Asia and BeyondCarl W. Ernst and Bruce B. Lawrence
Source The Sufi Orders in IslamJ. Spencer Trimingham
Source Mystical Dimensions of IslamAnnemarie Schimmel
Source The Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd editionP. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W. P. Heinrichs (eds.)

Bektashi teaching passed through the lodge and the initiated household rather than the college of law, and the order kept a wary distance from the scholars.

Devotion to Ali is central to Bektashi practice, and the saying of the Prophet at Ghadir Khumm is recited in its assemblies.

Source Sufism: A Global HistoryNile Green
Source The Sufi Orders in IslamJ. Spencer Trimingham
Muraqabah, Practices
Source Mystical Dimensions of IslamAnnemarie Schimmel
Source The Sufi Orders in IslamJ. Spencer Trimingham
Source The Sufi Orders in IslamJ. Spencer Trimingham

The nefes, sung to the saz, carries Bektashi teaching in Turkish verse, and it is the form in which the order's doctrine is actually transmitted.

Numerology, Disciplines

Bektashi thought absorbed the letter and number mysticism of the Hurufi movement in the fifteenth century, and Hurufi texts went on circulating in the order's lodges long after the movement itself was suppressed.

Prayer, Practices
Source Islamic Mysticism: A Short HistoryAlexander Knysh
Source Mystical Dimensions of IslamAnnemarie Schimmel
Source Mystical Dimensions of IslamAnnemarie Schimmel
Semah, Sacred Dances

The semah is the danced heart of the cem, inscribed by UNESCO in 2010 as a living ritual of the Alevi and Bektashi communities.

Source Semah, Alevi-Bektasi RitualUNESCO
Shahada, Mantras
Source Islamic Mysticism: A Short HistoryAlexander Knysh
Source The Sufi Orders in IslamJ. Spencer Trimingham
Source Mystical Dimensions of IslamAnnemarie Schimmel
Source The Sufi Orders in IslamJ. Spencer Trimingham
Source The Sufi Orders in IslamJ. Spencer Trimingham
Tahlil, Mantras
Source The Sufi Orders in IslamJ. Spencer Trimingham
Tasbih, Mantras
Source The Sufi Orders in IslamJ. Spencer Trimingham
Source The Amman MessageRoyal Aal al-Bayt Institute for Islamic Thought
Source The Amman MessageRoyal Aal al-Bayt Institute for Islamic Thought
Source Islamic Mysticism: A Short HistoryAlexander Knysh

Held Differently

Ashura, Holidays & Festivals

The tenth of Muharram closes the Bektashi mourning fast and is marked with the ashure, a pudding of twelve ingredients shared through the community.

Fasting, Practices

The fast kept in Bektashi practice is the twelve days of Muharram in mourning for Karbala rather than the month of Ramadan.

Ramadan, Holidays & Festivals

Ramadan is honoured but is not the month in which the Bektashi and Alevi communities keep their fast.

Salat (Daily Prayer), Rituals

The Bektashi and Alevi communities gather for the cem, an assembly of prayer, sung poetry and the semah danced by men and women together, in place of the five daily prayers performed in a mosque.

Sawm (Fasting), Rituals

The Bektashi fast falls in Muharram and mourns the killing of Husayn, and it is not the Ramadan fast the law schools require.

Sema, Sacred Dances

The Bektashi and Alevi semah is danced within the cem by men and women together. It is neither the Mevlevi turning nor the standing remembrance of the Arab orders.

Source Semah, Alevi-Bektasi RitualUNESCO
Tawakkul (Trust in God), Virtues

Trust in God is a station of the path in Bektashi teaching, entered under a guide and within the community of the cem rather than a disposition a believer simply has.

Source Mystical Dimensions of IslamAnnemarie Schimmel
The Five Pillars, Practices

Bektashi practice reads the obligations inwardly and centres the community's worship on the cem assembly, so the outward forms the law schools require are not kept in the ordinary way.

Ihsan, Doctrines

Ihsan is affirmed in the Bektashi order, and its content is set out through the four gates, from the outward law to realisation.

Source The Sufi Orders in IslamJ. Spencer Trimingham
Tawhid, Doctrines

Tawhid is affirmed in the Bektashi order, and is read through the devotional formula that names Allah, Muhammad and Ali together.

Members

Balim Sultan organized the Bektashi Order into its distinctive lasting form about the beginning of the sixteenth century, traditionally honored as its second founder.

Source The Sufi Orders in IslamJ. Spencer Trimingham

Objects and Practices of This Tradition

Barakah, Doctrines

Blessing is held to reside in the founder and in the lineage of babas, and the tombs of Bektashi saints are places of visitation.

Source The Sufi Orders in IslamJ. Spencer Trimingham

Bektashi identity centered on the tekke, the dervish lodge, as a communal and often unorthodox religious hub, historically tied to the Ottoman Janissary corps until both were suppressed in 1826.

Source The Sufi Orders in IslamJ. Spencer Trimingham

Annihilation of the self in God is affirmed as the goal of the Bektashi path.

Source The Sufi Orders in IslamJ. Spencer Trimingham
Imamate, Doctrines

The Bektashi order blends reverence for the Twelve Imams and Ali ibn Abi Talib with Anatolian folk practice not shared by mainstream Sunni or Twelver Shia Islam.

Source The Sufi Orders in IslamJ. Spencer Trimingham

Bektashi leadership uses the title baba rather than sheikh for its senior teachers, reflects marked Shia and folk influence, and was historically bound to the Ottoman Janissary corps until both were suppressed in 1826.

Source The Sufi Orders in IslamJ. Spencer Trimingham

The Bektashi chain runs from Haji Bektash Veli, and the order's later organisation into initiated grades sits alongside that chain rather than replacing it.

Source The Sufi Orders in IslamJ. Spencer Trimingham

Bektashi communities practised concealment under Ottoman rule, again after the order was suppressed in 1826 with the Janissaries, and again after the closure of the tekkes in Turkey in 1925.

The Allah-Muhammad-Ali doctrine is shared with Alevism and expressed throughout Bektashi devotional poetry and ritual formula.

Source The Sufi Orders in IslamJ. Spencer Trimingham

Critiqued Here

Sharia, Doctrines

The Bektashi order does not observe the sharia in the form the Sunni schools require, holding the outward law to be the first of four gates and not the whole of religion. This is the position that placed the order outside the Ottoman religious establishment even while it was attached to the janissary corps.

Source The Sufi Orders in IslamJ. Spencer Trimingham

Persecuted In

Source Irreligion in Albania (Wikipedia)Wikipedia contributors

Position On

Ijazah, Doctrines

The licence to lead, the icazetname, is what constitutes authority in the Bektashi order, and it is conferred within an initiation the order keeps closed. The atlas records that the licence exists and does not reproduce what is transmitted in it.

Source The Sufi Orders in IslamJ. Spencer Trimingham

The distinction between stations attained by effort and states that arrive as a gift is affirmed in the Bektashi order.

Source Mystical Dimensions of IslamAnnemarie Schimmel
Sabr, Doctrines

Sabr is affirmed in the Bektashi order as a station of the path.

Source Mystical Dimensions of IslamAnnemarie Schimmel
Shukr, Doctrines

Shukr is affirmed in the Bektashi order as a station of the path.

Source Mystical Dimensions of IslamAnnemarie Schimmel
Taqwa, Doctrines

Taqwa is affirmed in the Bektashi order as a station of the path.

Source Mystical Dimensions of IslamAnnemarie Schimmel
Tawbah, Doctrines

Tawbah is affirmed in the Bektashi order as the first station of the path.

Source Mystical Dimensions of IslamAnnemarie Schimmel

Same As

The same Bektashi tariqa, catalogued separately as a general organization and as a dedicated religious order, which carries the fuller devotional and doctrinal detail, including its closed-transmission fact.

Source The Sufi Orders in IslamJ. Spencer Trimingham
Sources
1. The Alevis in Turkey: The Emergence of a Secular Islamic Tradition
David Shankland, RoutledgeCurzon, 2003View the Source
2. The Sufi Orders in Islam
J. Spencer Trimingham, Oxford University Press, 1971View the Source
3. Sufism: A Global History
Nile Green, Wiley-Blackwell, 2012
4. Bektashi Order (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia
The Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edition
P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W. P. Heinrichs (eds.), Brill, 2005View the Source
The Hajj: The Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca and the Holy Places
F. E. Peters, Princeton University Press, 1994View the Source
Held in Trust: Waqf in the Islamic World
Pascale Ghazaleh (ed.), American University in Cairo Press, 2011
The Tijaniyya: A Sufi Order in the Modern World
Jamil M. Abun-Nasr, Oxford University Press, 1965View the Source
Writing Religion: The Making of Turkish Alevi Islam
Markus Dressler, Oxford University Press, 2013
The Amman Message
Royal Aal al-Bayt Institute for Islamic Thought, Royal Aal al-Bayt Institute for Islamic Thought, 2008View the Source
The Cult of Saints among Muslims and Jews in Medieval Syria
Josef W. Meri, Oxford University Press, 2002View the Source
Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire 1300-1923
Caroline Finkel, John Murray, 2005
Mystical Dimensions of Islam
Annemarie Schimmel, University of North Carolina Press, 1975View the Source
Semah, Alevi-Bektasi Ritual
UNESCO, UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage, 2010View the Source
Sufi Martyrs of Love: The Chishti Order in South Asia and Beyond
Carl W. Ernst and Bruce B. Lawrence, Palgrave Macmillan, 2002View the Source
In the Vicinity of the Righteous: Ziyara and the Veneration of Muslim Saints in Late Medieval Egypt
Christopher S. Taylor, Brill, 1999
The Sufi Path of Knowledge: Ibn al-Arabi's Metaphysics of Imagination
William C. Chittick, State University of New York Press, 1989View the Source
Islamic Mysticism: A Short History
Alexander Knysh, Brill, 2000
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