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Denominations

African Methodist Episcopal Church

Christianity

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Origin 1787 to 1816

The African Methodist Episcopal Church is the first fully independent Protestant denomination founded by Black Americans, organized in Philadelphia when Richard Allen and fellow worshippers left St. George's Methodist Episcopal Church over segregated seating. Allen's Bethel congregation, gathered in 1794, became the founding church of a connexional denomination formally constituted in 1816, with Allen consecrated its first bishop. The AME Church spread across the free states before the Civil War and then deep into the postwar South, and it now organizes episcopal districts across the United States, Africa, the Caribbean and Europe, governed by a General Conference that meets every four years.

Facts
Belief
Defining Doctrinal PositionSourced to the subject's own account
Trinitarian: one God in three persons 1Tradition: Christianity
Doctrinal Standards
The Apostles Creed and the Twenty-Five Articles of Religion, which the church names as the basic foundation of its beliefs. 2
Position on Entire SanctificationSourced to the subject's own account
Held in the Wesleyan sense of perfect love, and carried through the connexion by its own preachers, Jarena Lee and Amanda Berry Smith among them, rather than set out as a separate article of religion. 1
Position on Sexuality
Same-sex sexual relationships are held contrary to teaching; LGBT individuals are welcomed as members but not ordained, and same-sex unions are not blessed 3
The Book of Discipline states that unions of any kind between persons of the same sex or gender are contrary to the will of God, and Bishop Richard Franklin Norris' August 2003 statement set out the church's opposition to ordaining an openly gay clergy person. The General Conference vote of 28 August 2024, 896 to 722, retained the ban on clergy performing or blessing a same-sex ceremony after a Sexual Ethics Discernment Committee had recommended repealing it. No source read states the church denies ordinary church membership to a person in a same-sex relationship.
Sexuality Position Detail
In August 2003 Bishop Richard Franklin Norris stated the official position of the church is not in favour of ordaining an openly gay person to the clergy. At its July 2004 national convention delegates voted unanimously to bar clergy from performing or blessing any ceremony for a same-sex couple, the first such vote by a predominantly African American denomination, the Reverend Gregory G. Groover Senior explaining that the church's first call is to hear the voice of God in Scripture. The Book of Discipline states plainly that unions of any kind between persons of the same sex or gender are contrary to the will of God. The General Conference vote of 28 August 2024, 896 to 722, retained the ban after a Sexual Ethics Discernment Committee had recommended repealing it, the committee authorised to continue its work toward the next General Conference. 4
Identity
Also Known AsSourced to the subject's own account
AME Church 1
Origins
Origin PeriodSourced to the subject's own account
1787 to 1816 1
Place of OriginSourced to the subject's own account
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 1
FounderSourced to the subject's own account
Richard Allen (1760-1831), with Absalom Jones in the 1787 walkout that led to it 1
Practice
Liturgical LanguageSourced to the subject's own account
The vernacular 1
Reach
Adherents TodaySourced to the subject's own account
2,500,000 to 3,500,000 1
Finances
Institutional Wealth or Finances
At least three federal class-action lawsuits filed by retired African Methodist Episcopal Church pastors alleged that church officials had lost or mismanaged more than 90 million dollars, about 70 percent, of the denomination's pastoral retirement pension fund, which had been valued at about 126 million dollars the previous year. The suits alleged the church's then head of retirement services had sole authority over the fund with little oversight and steered it into undeveloped Florida land, a solar panel promissory note and a since-defunct capital venture. 6
Basis of the Wealth Figure
Court-Documented Inventory 6
Financial Disclosure Regime
The African Methodist Episcopal Church does not publish a consolidated denomination-wide financial statement; what reached the public record here came through litigation. A multidistrict class-action settlement announced 30 August 2024 in the United States District Court for the Western District of Tennessee found that a church officer had stolen retirement funds and concealed the diversion of others into unauthorized, risky investments, and began restoring money to about 5,000 affected employees and retirees, with further restoration still subject to court approval. 7
Wealth Figure As Of Year
2024 7
History
Separation or DivergenceSourced to the subject's own account
St. George's Methodist Episcopal Church, Philadelphia, over segregated seating and worship 1
Date of SeparationSourced to the subject's own account
from 1787 1
Organisation
Governance
Connexional: congregations bound in a conference with itinerant ministry 1
Sourced to the subject's own accountConnexional: bishops oversee episcopal districts and annual conferences, with church law set by a quadrennial General Conference
Episcopal TenureSourced to the subject's own account
Bishops are elected by the General Conference and assigned to episcopal districts, and retire at the General Conference nearest their seventy-fifth birthday. The Council of Bishops holds general oversight of the church between General Conferences. 1
Ordination
Open to women and men 1 5
Sourced to the subject's own accountOrdains women to the itinerant ministry
Status
Status TodaySourced to the subject's own account
Living tradition, practised today 1
Trajectory
Membership Over TimeSourced to the subject's own account
The Annual Cyclopedia recorded 207,000 African Methodist Episcopal Church members in 1876, up from about 70,000 a decade earlier, as missionaries planted new congregations across the South among the newly emancipated after the Civil War. This is a church-reported membership roll, not an independent count. 1
Membership Over Time
The World Methodist Council's own statistical table, compiled for the 2011 to 2016 reporting period, recorded 2,500,000 African Methodist Episcopal Church members and 3,250,000 people in the wider communion figure, a church-reported count submitted by the denomination itself. 8
Membership Figure As OfSourced to the subject's own account
1876-01-01 1
Membership Figure As Of
2016-01-01 8
Basis of the Membership Figure
Church-Reported Rolls 8
Learn More
From Bethel to a Connexion

The African Methodist Episcopal Church traces its founding to an act of protest. In November 1787, Richard Allen and Absalom Jones, Black members of St. George's Methodist Episcopal Church in Philadelphia, were interrupted mid-prayer and pulled from their knees by a trustee enforcing segregated seating. Allen and Jones led their congregation out that same year and organized the Free African Society, a mutual-aid body that was not itself a church. Allen's wing of the Society purchased a former blacksmith's shop, hauled it to a lot on Sixth Street, and dedicated it in 1794 as Bethel Church, still Methodist in doctrine and discipline but under Black lay control of its property, a point Allen had to defend in court against the white Methodist Episcopal Church's claims on the building.

By 1816, Bethel had been joined by sister Black Methodist congregations in Baltimore, Salem, and Attleborough, all of whom had likewise chafed under white oversight. Delegates from these churches met in Philadelphia that April and voted to unite as a wholly independent denomination, the African Methodist Episcopal Church, the first fully independent Protestant body founded by Black Americans. They elected Allen their first bishop. The new church kept Methodism's connexional structure, itinerant preaching, and Wesleyan doctrine, but placed it entirely under Black leadership, a model that let the AME Church expand rapidly among free Black communities in the North even before the Civil War.

Reconstruction Growth and a Global Connexion

The Civil War transformed the African Methodist Episcopal Church from a Northern denomination of some 20,000 members into a national one. As Union armies advanced, AME missionaries followed close behind, organizing congregations among the newly freed in Georgia, South Carolina, and across the former Confederacy; membership multiplied several times over within a generation, driven by the church's promise of a fully Black-led Christianity to people who had known only white-controlled worship. Bishop Daniel Alexander Payne, who led the church through much of this expansion, pushed hard for an educated clergy. Wilberforce University in Ohio was founded in 1856 as a joint venture with the white Methodist Episcopal Church; when that venture failed financially, Payne led the AME Church's 1863 purchase of the college for itself, becoming its president, the first African American to lead a college in the United States, and the point at which Wilberforce became the first college owned and operated by African Americans.

The church organizes today into episcopal districts, each overseen by a bishop and covering multiple annual conferences, with districts now spanning the United States, West and Southern Africa, the Caribbean, and parts of Europe and South America. Its General Conference, a legislative body of clergy and lay delegates, meets every four years to set church law and elect bishops, and its general officers are headquartered in Nashville, Tennessee. Membership estimates vary by source and counting method, commonly cited in a range of roughly two and a half to three and a half million worldwide, making the AME Church one of the largest historically Black denominations and a member of the World Methodist Council and the World Council of Churches.

Cross-Tradition Connections

Associated With

This source names African Methodist Episcopal Church directly: "community-edited article on the African Methodist Episcopal Church, one of the oldest independent Black Christian denominations in the United States."

Source African Methodist Episcopal Church (Wikipedia)Wikipedia contributors

This source names African Methodist Episcopal Church directly: "class-action lawsuits filed by retired African Methodist Episcopal Church pastors alleged the denomination's pastoral pension fund, valued at about 126 million dollars the previous year, had lost..."

The African Methodist Episcopal Church expanded rapidly across the South after 1865 as freedpeople left the white congregations that had seated them in galleries.

This source names African Methodist Episcopal Church directly: "initially, an active member of the African Methodist Episcopal Church."

This source names African Methodist Episcopal Church directly: "a wholly independent denomination, the African Methodist Episcopal Church, decades after the Christmas Conference had organized American Methodism itself at Baltimore in 1784, already recorded here."

This source names African Methodist Episcopal Church directly: "Convention USA Incorporated and the African Methodist Episcopal Church, which forbid clergy from officiating at ceremonies for same-sex couples."

This source names African Methodist Episcopal Church directly: "Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church, founded in Charleston in 1816 and known as Mother Emanuel, is one of the oldest Black congregations in the South and was central to the city's civil..."

Source Encyclopaedia Britannica (online academic reference)Encyclopaedia Britannica editors

This source names African Methodist Episcopal Church directly: "denominations of the Black Church: the African Methodist Episcopal Church, the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church, the Christian Methodist Episcopal Church, the National Baptist Convention..."

Source The Black Church in the African American ExperienceC. Eric Lincoln and Lawrence H. Mamiya

This source names African Methodist Episcopal Church directly: "District of Tennessee, in which the African Methodist Episcopal Church and codefendants agreed to begin restoring nearly 90 million dollars in retirement funds to about 5,000 church employees and..."

Belongs to Tradition

Branch Of

Contained In

Classified as historically Black Protestant tradition per Pew Research Center's 2023-24 Religious Landscape Study.

Critiqued

Seven Sacraments, Practices

Kept in the African Methodist Episcopal Church, the first denomination in the United States founded by Black people. The Articles of Religion hold that there are two sacraments ordained of Christ, and that the other five are not to be counted for sacraments of the Gospel.

Veneration of icons, Practices

Kept in the African Methodist Episcopal Church, the first denomination in the United States founded by Black people. The Articles name the worshipping and adoration of images and of relics as a fond thing vainly invented.

Veneration of saints and Mary, Practices

Kept in the African Methodist Episcopal Church, the first denomination in the United States founded by Black people. The Articles name the invocation of saints in the same place, and Methodist prayer is addressed to God alone.

Derived From

Methodist in doctrine and polity, separated over the treatment of Black worshippers rather than over doctrine.

Source African Methodist Episcopal Church (Wikipedia)Wikipedia contributors

Founded By

Led the 1787 walkout from St. George's Methodist Episcopal Church, dedicated Bethel AME in 1794, and formally organized the denomination in 1816, becoming its first bishop.

Holds Element

The African Methodist Episcopal Church took the Wesleyan repertory with it at its formation and developed it in its own directions.

Sung in the long metre common style, drawn out and lined by the leader, which is a different thing from the hymn as printed.

The ordinary music of worship, with the choir and the instruments answering the preacher.

Sung in the independent Black churches from their founding, and Richard Allen's hymnal of 1801 was the first compiled for a Black congregation.

Held Differently

Temperance, Virtues

The African Methodist Episcopal Church carries the Methodist Discipline's reading of temperance as abstinence.

Source The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 3rd revised editionF. L. Cross and E. A. Livingstone (eds.)
Predestination and free will, Doctrines
Source Our Beliefs, The African Methodist Episcopal Church (ame-church.com)African Methodist Episcopal Church

Members

Its sixth bishop, elected 1852, and the principal architect of its move toward a formally educated clergy; led the church's 1863 purchase of Wilberforce University.

Consecrated bishop in 1880 and used the office to press the denomination's missionary expansion into Africa, personally traveling to West and Southern Africa as part of his advocacy for Black emigration.

The first woman authorized to preach within the African Methodist Episcopal Church, permitted by its founder Bishop Richard Allen in 1819.

Objects and Practices of This Tradition

Source Richard Allen (Hymnology Archive)Hymnology Archive; cross checked against Hymnary.org

Kept in the African Methodist Episcopal Church, the first denomination in the United States founded by Black people. Works of mercy stand beside works of piety in the Methodist account of the Christian life, and neither is optional.

Baptism, Rituals

Kept in the African Methodist Episcopal Church, the first denomination in the United States founded by Black people. Baptism is administered by sprinkling, pouring or immersion, the mode being left to the person receiving it, which is unusual among the churches that baptise infants.

Kept in the African Methodist Episcopal Church, the first denomination in the United States founded by Black people. Baptism is understood as the sign of the new covenant and the beginning of a life of grace to be grown into, not a moment complete in itself.

Kept in the African Methodist Episcopal Church, the first denomination in the United States founded by Black people.

Confirmation, Rituals

Kept in the African Methodist Episcopal Church, the first denomination in the United States founded by Black people. Confirmation is the profession of faith by which a baptised person is received into full membership, and it is not held to be a sacrament.

One of the oldest African Methodist Episcopal congregations in the American South, founded in 1816.

Source Encyclopaedia Britannica (online academic reference)Encyclopaedia Britannica editors
Fasting, Practices

Kept in the African Methodist Episcopal Church, the first denomination in the United States founded by Black people. Fasting is one of the means of grace, and Wesley kept the Friday fast himself and pressed it on the societies.

Funeral Rites, Rituals

Kept in the African Methodist Episcopal Church, the first denomination in the United States founded by Black people. The Service of Death and Resurrection is the modern form of the burial office and takes its name from what it is meant to proclaim.

Gloria Patri, Prayers

Kept in the African Methodist Episcopal Church, the first denomination in the United States founded by Black people.

Holy Orders, Rituals

Kept in the African Methodist Episcopal Church, the first denomination in the United States founded by Black people. Ordination is to the orders of deacon and elder. The episcopacy is an office to which an elder is elected and consecrated, not a third order, which is the settled Methodist difference from Anglican practice.

Kept in the African Methodist Episcopal Church, the first denomination in the United States founded by Black people. Infants are baptised, and the service places the congregation under a vow to nurture the child.

Intinction, Practices

Kept in the African Methodist Episcopal Church, the first denomination in the United States founded by Black people. Intinction is the ordinary manner of receiving in many congregations, and it follows from the use of unfermented grape juice in a common cup.

Kept in the African Methodist Episcopal Church, the first denomination in the United States founded by Black people. The liturgical colours were retained from the Anglican inheritance and are set out in the modern service books.

Kept in the African Methodist Episcopal Church, the first denomination in the United States founded by Black people. The marriage service descends from the Prayer Book by way of Wesley's abridgement of it for the American societies.

Kept in the African Methodist Episcopal Church, the first denomination in the United States founded by Black people. Sunday is kept for public worship, and the General Rules bind members to attend upon the ordinances of God.

Prayer, Practices

Kept in the African Methodist Episcopal Church, the first denomination in the United States founded by Black people. Prayer stands among the means of grace Wesley called the works of piety, alongside searching the scriptures, the Lord's Supper and fasting.

Kept in the African Methodist Episcopal Church, the first denomination in the United States founded by Black people.

The Anaphora, Rituals

Kept in the African Methodist Episcopal Church, the first denomination in the United States founded by Black people. The Great Thanksgiving is a full anaphora, restored to Methodist worship in the twentieth century after two hundred years in which the Supper was celebrated from a much shorter form.

The Epiclesis, Rituals

Kept in the African Methodist Episcopal Church, the first denomination in the United States founded by Black people. The Great Thanksgiving carries an explicit invocation of the Holy Spirit on the gifts and on the people, which the sixteenth-century English rite did not.

The Fraction, Rituals

Kept in the African Methodist Episcopal Church, the first denomination in the United States founded by Black people. The breaking of the bread is a distinct action with its own words.

The Grace, Prayers

Kept in the African Methodist Episcopal Church, the first denomination in the United States founded by Black people.

Kept in the African Methodist Episcopal Church, the first denomination in the United States founded by Black people.

Kept in the African Methodist Episcopal Church, the first denomination in the United States founded by Black people. The Lord's Supper is celebrated as a means of grace and Wesley pressed constant communion on the societies, though quarterly celebration became the practice for most of Methodist history for want of ordained ministers.

Kept in the African Methodist Episcopal Church, the first denomination in the United States founded by Black people. The words of institution stand within the Great Thanksgiving.

Kept as Freedom's Eve, from the night of December 31 1862 when congregations waited for the Emancipation Proclamation to take effect at midnight, and among the most attended services of the year.

Related To

Sources
1. African Methodist Episcopal Church (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors, WikipediaWhole articleView the Source
2. Our Beliefs, The African Methodist Episcopal Church (ame-church.com)
African Methodist Episcopal Church, African Methodist Episcopal ChurchOur Beliefs. The Apostles Creed and the Twenty-Five Articles of ReligionView the Source
3. AME Church Delegates Name Six New Bishops While Retaining Same-Sex Marriage Ban (Word&Way)
Word&Way, 2024the stated position on sexuality and its supporting detail, the 2024 reaffirmationView the Source
4. Stances of Faiths on LGBTQ Plus Issues: African Methodist Episcopal Church (Human Rights Campaign)
Human Rights Campaignthe stated position on sexuality and its supporting detail, the 2003 and 2004 historyView the Source
5. Our HERstory (AME Women in Ministry)
AME Women in Ministry
6. AME Church Facing Multiple Lawsuits, Over $90 Million Missing From AME Pension Funds (Black Enterprise, 2022)
Derek Major, Black Enterprise, 2022View the Source
7. Thousands of Church Employees and Retirees Who Lost Retirement Funds to Receive Financial Relief Under Contingent Court Settlement (AARP, 2024)
AARP, 2024View the Source
8. Statistical Information
World Methodist CouncilView the Source
The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 3rd revised edition
F. L. Cross and E. A. Livingstone (eds.), Oxford University Press, 2005View the Source
The English Hymn: A Critical and Historical Study
J. R. Watson, Oxford University Press, 1997
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