Divinity Atlas

Sacred Correspondences
Languages

Classical Arabic

Sacred & Content Languages

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Classical Arabic is the fixed literary and scriptural register in which the Quran was composed and is still recited today, its grammar and vocabulary codified by early Islamic scholars precisely because Muslims hold the text's wording to be significant in its original form rather than in translation. It is also the language of classical hadith collections, early Islamic law and theology, and a large body of pre-Islamic and early Islamic poetry that predates and accompanies the Quran's own composition. Modern Standard Arabic, a separate interface language entry, descends directly from this register and remains close enough to it that educated speakers can generally follow Quranic recitation without specialized training. The atlas holds Classical Arabic as the primary source language behind the Quranic and early Islamic material it catalogs.

Facts
Origins
Language Family
Central Semitic branch of the Afroasiatic language family, alongside Hebrew and Aramaic; the seventh-century Central Arabian literary register in which the Quran was revealed, codified grammatically by early Arab grammarians including Sibawayh. 2
Place of Origin
Classical Arabic originated in the Hejaz region of the Arabian Peninsula, codified from the poetic koine of pre-Islamic tribal poetry and fixed by the Quran's own seventh-century text. 2
Identity
Native Script
The Arabic abjad with the full pointing and vowel marking developed in the first Islamic centuries expressly so that the reading of the Quran could not drift. 1
Attestation
Era of Attestation
Classical Arabic is attested from pre-Islamic oral poetry and above all from the Quran, fixed in writing in the seventh century CE and taken ever since as the language's classical standard. 3
Practice
Liturgical and Scriptural Role
The language of the Quran, Islam's central scripture, standardized in the Uthmanic recension (circa 650 CE) and preserved through the tajwid recitation tradition governing correct pronunciation. 4
Learn More
Classical Arabic: The Language of the Quran

Classical Arabic is the specific seventh-century Central Arabian literary register in which the Quran was revealed and recorded, belonging to the Central Semitic branch of the Afroasiatic language family alongside Hebrew and Aramaic, and its grammar was formally codified shortly after Islam's spread by early Arab grammarians, most influentially Sibawayh in the eighth century, partly to preserve correct Quranic recitation as Islam expanded rapidly among non-Arabic-speaking converts across a vast new empire.

Classical Arabic differs meaningfully from Modern Standard Arabic, its direct descendant used today for formal writing and broadcast media, chiefly in certain grammatical constructions and a smaller, more archaic vocabulary set, though the two remain close enough that educated modern Arabic speakers can read the Quran directly rather than requiring a separate translation, a continuity most world religions' scriptures in their original languages do not offer contemporary readers. Pre-Islamic Classical Arabic poetry, transmitted orally before Islam and later collected in writing, provided some of the linguistic and literary foundation against which the Quran's own distinctive prose style was received and judged by its earliest audience.

Quranic Preservation and the Development of Arabic Script

The Quran's text was compiled into a single authoritative written recension under the third caliph Uthman around 650 CE, an effort traditionally understood as standardizing the text against several earlier variant collections and distributing authoritative copies to major cities of the expanding Islamic empire, with a small number of manuscripts, including one preserved in Tashkent and fragments elsewhere, traditionally associated with this early standardization effort, though their precise dating remains a subject of ongoing manuscript scholarship. Early Quranic manuscripts were written in a simple consonantal Arabic script without the vowel markings and dotting later added to distinguish otherwise identical consonant letters, and the gradual introduction of diacritical marks and vowel signs from the seventh century onward, driven partly by the practical need to guide correct recitation, tajwid, remains central to Quranic recitation training today, treated as inseparable from the text's proper transmission rather than a mere pronunciation guide, and Quranic recitation competitions and formal certification in tajwid remain a significant feature of contemporary Islamic religious education worldwide.

Cross-Tradition Connections

Associated With

Islam, Religions

Classical Arabic is the canon language of Islam, the language of the Qur'an and of the five daily prayers regardless of a worshipper's native tongue.

This source names Classical Arabic directly: "a leading twentieth century scholar of classical Arabic literature, first published in 1974 and reissued in an expanded fourth edition, "Diwan Shi'r al-Khawarij", by Dar al-Shorouk, Beirut, in 1982."

Source Kharijites (Wikipedia)Wikipedia contributors

Attested in Region

Arabia, Regions

Classical Arabic is documented in use as a written language in Arabia. The claim is where the language is documented in use as a written, literary or liturgical language. It is not a claim about the full extent of its speakers, and it is not a claim about where the language originated.

Source The World's Writing SystemsPeter T. Daniels and William Bright (eds.)
North Africa, Regions
Source The World's Writing SystemsPeter T. Daniels and William Bright (eds.)

Named or Composed in This Language

Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Achernar, Fixed Stars
Source The Arabs and the StarsPaul Kunitzsch
Source Islamic Geomancy and a Thirteenth-Century Divinatory DeviceEmilie Savage-Smith and Marion B. Smith
Adhil, Fixed Stars
Source Star Names: Their Lore and MeaningRichard Hinckley Allen
Source The Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd editionP. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W. P. Heinrichs (eds.)

The manazil al-qamar, the stations of the Moon, are named in Arabic, and the star names attached to them entered European astronomy through Arabic as well.

Source The Arabs and the StarsPaul Kunitzsch

The manazil al-qamar, the stations of the Moon, are named in Arabic, and the star names attached to them entered European astronomy through Arabic as well.

Source The Arabs and the StarsPaul Kunitzsch

The manazil al-qamar, the stations of the Moon, are named in Arabic, and the star names attached to them entered European astronomy through Arabic as well.

Source The Arabs and the StarsPaul Kunitzsch

The manazil al-qamar, the stations of the Moon, are named in Arabic, and the star names attached to them entered European astronomy through Arabic as well.

Source The Arabs and the StarsPaul Kunitzsch

The manazil al-qamar, the stations of the Moon, are named in Arabic, and the star names attached to them entered European astronomy through Arabic as well.

Source The Arabs and the StarsPaul Kunitzsch

The manazil al-qamar, the stations of the Moon, are named in Arabic, and the star names attached to them entered European astronomy through Arabic as well.

Source The Arabs and the StarsPaul Kunitzsch

The manazil al-qamar, the stations of the Moon, are named in Arabic, and the star names attached to them entered European astronomy through Arabic as well.

Source The Arabs and the StarsPaul Kunitzsch

The manazil al-qamar, the stations of the Moon, are named in Arabic, and the star names attached to them entered European astronomy through Arabic as well.

Source The Arabs and the StarsPaul Kunitzsch

The manazil al-qamar, the stations of the Moon, are named in Arabic, and the star names attached to them entered European astronomy through Arabic as well.

Source The Arabs and the StarsPaul Kunitzsch

The manazil al-qamar, the stations of the Moon, are named in Arabic, and the star names attached to them entered European astronomy through Arabic as well.

Source The Arabs and the StarsPaul Kunitzsch

The manazil al-qamar, the stations of the Moon, are named in Arabic, and the star names attached to them entered European astronomy through Arabic as well.

Source The Arabs and the StarsPaul Kunitzsch

The manazil al-qamar, the stations of the Moon, are named in Arabic, and the star names attached to them entered European astronomy through Arabic as well.

Source The Arabs and the StarsPaul Kunitzsch

The manazil al-qamar, the stations of the Moon, are named in Arabic, and the star names attached to them entered European astronomy through Arabic as well.

Source The Arabs and the StarsPaul Kunitzsch

The manazil al-qamar, the stations of the Moon, are named in Arabic, and the star names attached to them entered European astronomy through Arabic as well.

Source The Arabs and the StarsPaul Kunitzsch

The manazil al-qamar, the stations of the Moon, are named in Arabic, and the star names attached to them entered European astronomy through Arabic as well.

Source The Arabs and the StarsPaul Kunitzsch

The manazil al-qamar, the stations of the Moon, are named in Arabic, and the star names attached to them entered European astronomy through Arabic as well.

Source The Arabs and the StarsPaul Kunitzsch

The manazil al-qamar, the stations of the Moon, are named in Arabic, and the star names attached to them entered European astronomy through Arabic as well.

Source The Arabs and the StarsPaul Kunitzsch

The manazil al-qamar, the stations of the Moon, are named in Arabic, and the star names attached to them entered European astronomy through Arabic as well.

Source The Arabs and the StarsPaul Kunitzsch

The manazil al-qamar, the stations of the Moon, are named in Arabic, and the star names attached to them entered European astronomy through Arabic as well.

Source The Arabs and the StarsPaul Kunitzsch

The manazil al-qamar, the stations of the Moon, are named in Arabic, and the star names attached to them entered European astronomy through Arabic as well.

Source The Arabs and the StarsPaul Kunitzsch
Source The Arabs and the StarsPaul Kunitzsch
Source The Arabs and the StarsPaul Kunitzsch

The manazil al-qamar, the stations of the Moon, are named in Arabic, and the star names attached to them entered European astronomy through Arabic as well.

Source The Arabs and the StarsPaul Kunitzsch

The manazil al-qamar, the stations of the Moon, are named in Arabic, and the star names attached to them entered European astronomy through Arabic as well.

Source The Arabs and the StarsPaul Kunitzsch

The manazil al-qamar, the stations of the Moon, are named in Arabic, and the star names attached to them entered European astronomy through Arabic as well.

Source The Arabs and the StarsPaul Kunitzsch
Source Islamic Geomancy and a Thirteenth-Century Divinatory DeviceEmilie Savage-Smith and Marion B. Smith
Aldebaran, Fixed Stars
Source The Arabs and the StarsPaul Kunitzsch
Algol, Fixed Stars
Source The Arabs and the StarsPaul Kunitzsch
Algorab, Fixed Stars

Algorab derives from Arabic al-ghurab, the raven, naming the bird of the Corvus figure directly.

Source Star Names: Their Lore and MeaningRichard Hinckley Allen
Source The Arabs and the StarsPaul Kunitzsch
Almach, Fixed Stars
Source The Arabs and the StarsPaul Kunitzsch
Alphard, Fixed Stars
Source The Arabs and the StarsPaul Kunitzsch
Alphecca, Fixed Stars
Source The Arabs and the StarsPaul Kunitzsch
Alpheratz, Fixed Stars
Source The Arabs and the StarsPaul Kunitzsch
Altair, Fixed Stars
Source The Arabs and the StarsPaul Kunitzsch
Source The Arabs and the StarsPaul Kunitzsch
Source Islamic Geomancy and a Thirteenth-Century Divinatory DeviceEmilie Savage-Smith and Marion B. Smith
Source The Arabs and the StarsPaul Kunitzsch

The manazil al-qamar, the stations of the Moon, are named in Arabic, and the star names attached to them entered European astronomy through Arabic as well.

Source The Arabs and the StarsPaul Kunitzsch
Source The Arabs and the StarsPaul Kunitzsch
Source The Secrets of AlchemyLawrence M. Principe
Source Islamic Geomancy and a Thirteenth-Century Divinatory DeviceEmilie Savage-Smith and Marion B. Smith
Source Islamic Geomancy and a Thirteenth-Century Divinatory DeviceEmilie Savage-Smith and Marion B. Smith
Source Islamic Geomancy and a Thirteenth-Century Divinatory DeviceEmilie Savage-Smith and Marion B. Smith
Source The Secrets of AlchemyLawrence M. Principe
Source Islamic Geomancy and a Thirteenth-Century Divinatory DeviceEmilie Savage-Smith and Marion B. Smith
Source The Secrets of AlchemyLawrence M. Principe
Source The Arabs and the StarsPaul Kunitzsch
Source The Arabs and the StarsPaul Kunitzsch
Source The Arabs and the StarsPaul Kunitzsch
Denebola, Fixed Stars
Source The Arabs and the StarsPaul Kunitzsch
Dheneb, Fixed Stars
Source The Arabs and the StarsPaul Kunitzsch

The month names are Arabic and predate Islam, having been retained from the pre-Islamic Arabian calendar when the Hijri reckoning was established as purely lunar.

Source The Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd editionP. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W. P. Heinrichs (eds.)

The month names are Arabic and predate Islam, having been retained from the pre-Islamic Arabian calendar when the Hijri reckoning was established as purely lunar.

Source The Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd editionP. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W. P. Heinrichs (eds.)
Source The Secrets of AlchemyLawrence M. Principe
Source The Secrets of AlchemyLawrence M. Principe
Source The Secrets of AlchemyLawrence M. Principe
Firdaus, Realms
Source The Qur'an
Fomalhaut, Fixed Stars
Source The Arabs and the StarsPaul Kunitzsch
Source Islamic Geomancy and a Thirteenth-Century Divinatory DeviceEmilie Savage-Smith and Marion B. Smith
Source Islamic Geomancy and a Thirteenth-Century Divinatory DeviceEmilie Savage-Smith and Marion B. Smith
Geomancy, Disciplines
Source Islamic Geomancy and a Thirteenth-Century Divinatory DeviceEmilie Savage-Smith and Marion B. Smith
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Ibadism, Denominations
Source The Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd editionP. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W. P. Heinrichs (eds.)

The Hijri calendar is reckoned and published in Arabic. The language in which the calendar's own terminology is framed. Every one of these calendars is used today by communities working in many other languages, and the link records the technical language rather than the languages of its users.

Source Calendrical Calculations: The Ultimate EditionEdward M. Reingold and Nachum Dershowitz
Source The Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd editionP. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W. P. Heinrichs (eds.)
Jahannam, Realms
Source The Qur'an
Jannah, Realms
Source The Qur'an

The month names are Arabic and predate Islam, having been retained from the pre-Islamic Arabian calendar when the Hijri reckoning was established as purely lunar.

Source The Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd editionP. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W. P. Heinrichs (eds.)

The month names are Arabic and predate Islam, having been retained from the pre-Islamic Arabian calendar when the Hijri reckoning was established as purely lunar.

Source The Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd editionP. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W. P. Heinrichs (eds.)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Source Star Names: Their Lore and MeaningRichard Hinckley Allen
Source Islamic Geomancy and a Thirteenth-Century Divinatory DeviceEmilie Savage-Smith and Marion B. Smith
Markab, Fixed Stars
Source The Arabs and the StarsPaul Kunitzsch
Source The Secrets of AlchemyLawrence M. Principe
Mirach, Fixed Stars
Source The Arabs and the StarsPaul Kunitzsch

The month names are Arabic and predate Islam, having been retained from the pre-Islamic Arabian calendar when the Hijri reckoning was established as purely lunar.

Source The Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd editionP. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W. P. Heinrichs (eds.)
Nadir, Planets

The English word nadir descends from the Arabic nazir, the point opposite the zenith, which reached Latin astronomy through the medieval translations.

Source A History of Western AstrologyNicholas Campion
Nikah, Rituals
Source The Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd editionP. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W. P. Heinrichs (eds.)
Source Islamic Geomancy and a Thirteenth-Century Divinatory DeviceEmilie Savage-Smith and Marion B. Smith
Source Islamic Geomancy and a Thirteenth-Century Divinatory DeviceEmilie Savage-Smith and Marion B. Smith
Source Islamic Geomancy and a Thirteenth-Century Divinatory DeviceEmilie Savage-Smith and Marion B. Smith

The month names are Arabic and predate Islam, having been retained from the pre-Islamic Arabian calendar when the Hijri reckoning was established as purely lunar.

Source The Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd editionP. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W. P. Heinrichs (eds.)

The month names are Arabic and predate Islam, having been retained from the pre-Islamic Arabian calendar when the Hijri reckoning was established as purely lunar.

Source The Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd editionP. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W. P. Heinrichs (eds.)
Rajab, Islamic Months

The month names are Arabic and predate Islam, having been retained from the pre-Islamic Arabian calendar when the Hijri reckoning was established as purely lunar.

Source The Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd editionP. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W. P. Heinrichs (eds.)

The month names are Arabic and predate Islam, having been retained from the pre-Islamic Arabian calendar when the Hijri reckoning was established as purely lunar.

Source The Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd editionP. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W. P. Heinrichs (eds.)
Source The Arabs and the StarsPaul Kunitzsch
Rigel, Fixed Stars
Source The Arabs and the StarsPaul Kunitzsch
Source Islamic Geomancy and a Thirteenth-Century Divinatory DeviceEmilie Savage-Smith and Marion B. Smith

The manazil al-qamar, the stations of the Moon, are named in Arabic, and the star names attached to them entered European astronomy through Arabic as well.

Source The Arabs and the StarsPaul Kunitzsch

The manazil al-qamar, the stations of the Moon, are named in Arabic, and the star names attached to them entered European astronomy through Arabic as well.

Source The Arabs and the StarsPaul Kunitzsch

The manazil al-qamar, the stations of the Moon, are named in Arabic, and the star names attached to them entered European astronomy through Arabic as well.

Source The Arabs and the StarsPaul Kunitzsch

The manazil al-qamar, the stations of the Moon, are named in Arabic, and the star names attached to them entered European astronomy through Arabic as well.

Source The Arabs and the StarsPaul Kunitzsch
Sadalsuud, Fixed Stars
Source The Arabs and the StarsPaul Kunitzsch
Safar, Islamic Months

The month names are Arabic and predate Islam, having been retained from the pre-Islamic Arabian calendar when the Hijri reckoning was established as purely lunar.

Source The Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd editionP. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W. P. Heinrichs (eds.)
Source Prayer in Islamic Thought and PracticeMarion Holmes Katz

The prayer is transmitted in Classical Arabic.

Source The Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd editionP. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W. P. Heinrichs (eds.)
Source The Islamic Understanding of Death and ResurrectionJane Idleman Smith and Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad
Source The Secrets of AlchemyLawrence M. Principe
Scheat, Fixed Stars
Source The Arabs and the StarsPaul Kunitzsch
Source The Secrets of AlchemyLawrence M. Principe
Shaban, Islamic Months

The month names are Arabic and predate Islam, having been retained from the pre-Islamic Arabian calendar when the Hijri reckoning was established as purely lunar.

Source The Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd editionP. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W. P. Heinrichs (eds.)

The month names are Arabic and predate Islam, having been retained from the pre-Islamic Arabian calendar when the Hijri reckoning was established as purely lunar.

Source The Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd editionP. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W. P. Heinrichs (eds.)
Sufism, Denominations
Source The Sufi Orders in IslamJ. Spencer Trimingham
Source The Secrets of AlchemyLawrence M. Principe
Talqin, Rituals
Source The Islamic Understanding of Death and ResurrectionJane Idleman Smith and Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad
Source Star Names: Their Lore and MeaningRichard Hinckley Allen
Source The Secrets of AlchemyLawrence M. Principe
Source Islamic Geomancy and a Thirteenth-Century Divinatory DeviceEmilie Savage-Smith and Marion B. Smith
Unukalhai, Fixed Stars
Source The Arabs and the StarsPaul Kunitzsch
Vega, Fixed Stars
Source The Arabs and the StarsPaul Kunitzsch
Via, Geomantic Figures
Source Islamic Geomancy and a Thirteenth-Century Divinatory DeviceEmilie Savage-Smith and Marion B. Smith
Source The Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd editionP. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W. P. Heinrichs (eds.)

Related To

Arabic, Languages

Modern Standard Arabic descends directly from the fixed literary register of the Quran, which the atlas holds separately as Classical Arabic. The line between the two is one of register rather than a break, and Quranic recitation stays in the classical form.

Source The Study Quran: A New Translation and CommentarySeyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief)
Sources
1. The World's Writing Systems
Peter T. Daniels and William Bright (eds.), Oxford University Press, 1996View the Source
2. Ethnologue: Languages of the World
David M. Eberhard, Gary F. Simons and Charles D. Fennig (eds.), SIL International, 2024View the Source
3. Encyclopaedia Britannica (online academic reference)
Encyclopaedia Britannica editors, Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc., 2024View the Source
4. The Study Quran: A New Translation and Commentary
Seyyed Hossein Nasr (editor-in-chief), HarperOne, 2015View the Source
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